Biology Chapter 1 Quiz

The branch of dentistry focused on the study of prenatal and postnatal growth (embryology), oral physiology, anatomy, histology, and development, with a special emphasis on teeth and surrounding tissues (enamel, dentin, pulp, periodontium) and structures outside the mouth (salivary glands, temporomandibular joint).

A field of human biology that deals with the practical application of human biology in medicine, healthcare, and laboratory diagnosis. It's the study of humans and their populations from a biological perspective.

The fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Any structure smaller than a complete cell cannot function independently, making the cell the basic building block of life.

Describes the idea that all living things are composed of cells and that new cells arise from pre-existing cells. This explains the continuity of life.

A semi-fluid matrix present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that occupies the cell's volume. It's the main site where cellular activities occur.

Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus, containing the genetic material in chromosomes. They are more complex than prokaryotes and are found in protists, plants, animals, and fungi.

Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and have a simpler structure than eukaryotic cells. They are found in bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, and PPLOs.

The outer layer of the cell that encloses the cytoplasm and controls what enters and exits the cell. It's also called the plasma membrane.

The dense, membrane-bound structure found in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material, DNA, organized into chromosomes. It controls cellular activities.

Non-membrane-bound structures found in all cells, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic, which are responsible for protein synthesis. They can be found in the cytoplasm, chloroplasts (in plants), mitochondria, and on rough ER.

A network of interconnected membranes found in eukaryotic cells that plays a role in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and detoxification. It can be rough (with attached ribosomes) or smooth.

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs found in eukaryotic cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids produced by the ER.

Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste products, cellular debris, and engulfed microorganisms.

Organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are responsible for cellular respiration. They are the powerhouses of the cell, converting food into energy (ATP).

Small, membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells that are involved in various metabolic reactions, including the breakdown of fatty acids and the production of hydrogen peroxide.

Large, fluid-filled sacs found in eukaryotic cells, especially plant cells. They store water, nutrients, waste products, and contribute to turgor pressure.

A non-membrane-bound structure found in animal cells that helps in cell division by organizing microtubules, which play a role in separating chromosomes during division.

The outer boundary of plant cells that provides structural support and protection. It is made of cellulose.

Organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis, the process of converting light energy into chemical energy.

Prokaryotic cells, like bacteria, are generally smaller and multiply more rapidly than eukaryotic cells. They have a simpler structure and lack membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic cells, like those in plants, animals, fungi, and protists, are more complex than prokaryotes. They have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and are generally larger.

Cells can vary significantly in size, shape, and function based on their role in the organism. For example, nerve cells are long and thin, red blood cells are small and disc-like, and bacteria are much smaller than plant cells.

Cells are incredibly small, measured in micrometers (µm). Mycoplasmas are the smallest cells, while ostrich eggs are the largest single cells.

Bacteria are categorized into four primary shapes based on their morphology: bacillus (rod), coccus (sphere), vibrio (comma), and spirillum (spiral).

Plant cells typically have a cell wall, plastids (chloroplasts), and a large central vacuole. These features distinguish them from animal cells.

Animal cells usually lack a cell wall, plastids, and have smaller vacuoles compared to plant cells. They do have centrioles, which are absent in most plant cells.