Biology Chapter 1 & 3

Biology Chapter 1

• Cell Theory postulates: three postulates of the cell theory are not mentioned.
• Plant vs. Animal Cells: distinguish between plant and animal cells.
• Cell Organelles: identify and name organelles in plant and animal cells.
• Organelle Functions: explain functions of cellular respiration in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts.
• Cell Structure Comparison: comparing animal and plant cell structures and functions.
• Microscope Use: safe microscope handling and use.
• Cell Cycle: describe the cell cycle and explain how DNA organizes into chromosomes.
• Cell Cycle Checkpoints: define and describe cell cycle checkpoints.
• Cancer Treatments: treatments for cancer are mentioned, but specifics are not detailed.

Chapter 3

• Biological Organization: define levels of biological organization in animal bodies.
• Cell Specialization: factors influencing cell specialization.
• Stem Cells: explain stem cell potential and differentiation between stem cell types.
• Organ Systems: explain functions of the 11 organ systems.

Chapter 2

• Plant Organs: list plant organs (leaf, stem, roots, flower).
• Plant Tissues: identify types of plant tissues and their cellular components.
• Leaf Structure & Function: label a leaf diagram and explain the structures' functions.
• Transpiration: describe how atmospheric humidity levels affect transpiration.

Chemistry Chapter 4

• Valence Electrons, Ions, Metals/Non-metals: identify valence electrons, cations, anions, metals, and non-metals in the periodic table.
• Element Names/Symbols: identify names and symbols of elements.
• Bonding Types: define and identify ionic and covalent bonding types.
• Compound Names/Formulas: write names and formulas for diatomic molecules, binary ionic compounds, ionic compounds with polyatomic ions, and binary molecular compounds.
• Chemical Equations: write chemical equations (word, skeleton, and balanced).

Chapter 5

• Chemical Reactions: identify different types of chemical reactions (synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, neutralization, combustion).
• Evidence of Chemical Change: recognize and identify evidence of chemical changes.

Chapter 6

• Acid-Base Properties: know properties of acids and bases.
• Acid/Base Formulas: write formulas for binary acids, oxoacids, and bases.
• pH Scale: describe the pH scale and recognise and apply the log nature of it.
• Neutralization Reactions: write balanced chemical equations for neutralization reactions.

Chapter 10 Optics

• Light Travel: light travels in straight lines; objects reflect light to be visible.
• Mirrors: identify various mirror types, their applications, and image characteristics (concave and convex mirrors).
• Characteristics of Images: understand the meaning of virtual images and image characteristics.

Chapter 11

• Refraction Definition: define refraction of light as a change in speed when light enters a new medium.
• Refraction Diagram: label a refraction diagram with understanding of partial reflection.
• Index of Refraction: define index of refraction and its indication of light behavior changes (how light will behave).
• Light Bending/Reflection: relate light bending toward or away from the normal with angle of incidence.
• Partial Reflection/Refraction: describe the relationship between partial reflection and refraction at different angles.
• Speed of Light: solve problems using the formula n=c/v.
• Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle: Understand total internal reflection, explain critical angle as the angle of incidence when light travels from a more dense medium to a less dense medium.
• Total Internal Reflection Applications: discuss applications of total internal reflection.

Chapter 12

• Lens Types: Identify converging (convex) and diverging (concave) lenses.
• Light Path through Lenses: sketch the path of light through convex and concave lenses.
• Image Characteristics: describe image characteristics for both lens types (real, virtual, inverted, upright, etc.).
• Lens Image Types: Recognize that concave lenses only produce virtual images, while convex lenses produce both real and virtual images, depending on object position.
• Convex Lens Image Formation: convex lenses produce virtual, upright, larger images when the object is close to the lens; real, inverted images when further away.
• Ray Diagrams: draw ray diagrams for convex and concave lenses, labelling parts (focal point, principal axis, etc.).
• Locator Rays: describe how 3 locator rays (parallel, central, and focal) behave when passing through lenses, and their use in locating and describing images.
• Image Location/Description: use locator rays to locate and describe images.
• Numerical Calculations: solve problems using lens formulae.
• Exam Preparation: guidelines for exam preparation (materials, format).