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Questions and Answers
What role does the promoter region play in DNA manipulation?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a selectable marker?
In the context of a plasmid, what is the function of the primer binding sites?
What can influence the expression levels driven by a promoter region?
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How does the insert DNA relate to the overall function of the plasmid?
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What is the role of the lacZ’ region in recombinant DNA technology?
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Which statement is true about strains that have the modified lacZ?
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What limitation does the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) face?
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How does the presence of the lacZ’ in the cloning vector affect bacterial colonies?
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What is the significance of the deleted lacZ’ region in terms of gene structure?
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What is the primary function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?
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Which of the following best describes the role of ligase in DNA manipulation?
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What are exons and introns in a gene structure?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the transcription process?
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In the process of translation, what role does the ribosome play?
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Which sequence is known as the universal start codon in protein synthesis?
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What is the purpose of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in biotechnology?
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Which of the following components is essential for transcription to occur?
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What role do promoter regions play in gene expression?
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How do activators and silencers influence gene regulation?
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Study Notes
Central Dogma
- The flow of genetic information from DNA to protein.
- Replication is the process of making an identical copy of DNA.
- Transcription is the process of making RNA using DNA as a template. The enzyme RNA polymerase is responsible for this process.
- Translation is the process of making protein using mRNA as a template. It occurs in the ribosomes.
- Start Codon is the ATG, which encodes the amino acid methionine, and there is only one start codon used by all organisms. This codon is the starting point for translation.
- Stop Codon signals the end of the protein synthesis.
- The direction of transcription and translation is from 5’ to 3’.
Gene Structure
- A gene is made of regulatory domains (promoter, activator, silencer, and terminator sequences), and an open reading frame (ORF).
- Exons are protein coding sequences within the ORF.
- Introns are non-coding sequences within the ORF.
Recombinant DNA Technology
- Insert: This is a piece of DNA that has been ligated into a plasmid, usually in the multiple cloning site (MCS) of the vector.
- Promoter: A DNA sequence that drives the transcription of the insert DNA leading to the production of recombinant protein.
- Selectable markers: These are often antibiotic resistance genes that allow selection of the organism that contains the inserted DNA. In bacteria it would normally be an antibiotic resistance gene.
- Primer Binding Sites: Short pieces of DNA where synthesized DNA primers can bind allowing sequencing of the DNA or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification.
Lac Z (β-galactosidase)
- The gene Lac Z’ is often used as a selectable marker in bacteria and is placed in the cloning vector.
- This gene encodes the first 146 amino acids of β-galactosidase.
- The enzyme is only functional if the plasmid carries the Lac Z’ region.
- Blue color indicates a functional enzyme, meaning the plasmid does not contain the insert.
- White color indicates a non-functional enzyme, meaning the plasmid contains the insert.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Central Dogma of molecular biology, which details the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. This quiz also covers important aspects of gene structure, including exons, introns, and the roles of different codons in protein synthesis.