Central Dogma of Gene Expression

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

Both steps happen in the cytoplasm.

Takes place inside the nucleus.

Happens in the cytoplasm.

Do not possess a nucleus.

Messenger RNA; carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Transfer RNA; brings specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

Ribosomal RNA; forms a major part of ribosomes, the machinery for protein synthesis.

The process of making RNA from a DNA template.

The DNA strand used as a template for RNA synthesis during transcription. Its sequence is complementary to the RNA transcript.

Another name for the Template Strand, emphasizing that its sequence is complementary to the RNA transcript.

The DNA strand that is NOT transcribed. Its sequence is identical to the RNA transcript (except for thymine replaced with uracil).

Another name for the Non-Template Strand, emphasizing that its sequence matches the RNA transcript (with uracil) and 'makes sense' in the genetic code.

Yet another name for the Non-Template Strand, emphasizing that it contains the genetic code that will be translated into protein.

A DNA strand has a 3' end with a sugar –OH group and a 5' end with a phosphate group.

An RNA strand also has a 3' end with a sugar –OH group and a 5' end with a phosphate group.

Proteins have an N-terminus (amino, +ve) and a C-terminus (carboxyl, -ve).

The 5' end of the coding strand (DNA) corresponds to the 5' end of the mRNA transcript, which in turn corresponds to the N-terminus of a peptide/protein. The 3' end of the coding strand (DNA) corresponds to the 3' end of the mRNA transcript, which in turn corresponds to the C-terminus of a peptide/protein.

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

An enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription. It unwinds DNA, adds ribonucleotides, and creates a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.

A temporary unwound region of DNA created during transcription. RNA polymerase separates the two DNA strands within this bubble to access the template strand.

The process where ribonucleotides (A, U, G, C) in RNA bind to complementary nucleotides on the DNA template strand.

RNA polymerase travels along the DNA template strand in the 3' to 5' direction, synthesizing RNA in the 5' to 3' direction.

RNA polymerase has some ability to proofread the newly synthesized RNA transcript, ensuring accuracy in copying DNA information.

Three types of RNA polymerases (I, II, and III) in eukaryotes, each responsible for transcribing specific sets of genes.

The RNA polymerase responsible for transcribing ribosomal RNA (rRNA), crucial for protein synthesis.

The RNA polymerase responsible for transcribing messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

The RNA polymerase responsible for transcribing transfer RNA (tRNA), which brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation, and some small RNAs.

A single RNA polymerase in bacteria responsible for transcribing all types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.

A protein subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase that helps recognize specific DNA sequences called promoters, initiating transcription.

The process where RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the template DNA strand, marking the start of transcription.

The stage where RNA polymerase reads the template DNA strand and adds complementary ribonucleotides to build an RNA molecule.

The process where RNA polymerase recognizes a termination site in the DNA and detaches from the template strand, ending transcription.

The speed at which RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to an RNA molecule.

A DNA sequence located upstream of the transcription start site (+1) that signals RNA polymerase where to begin transcription.

A protein subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase that helps recognize and bind to the promoter region, initiating transcription.

A consensus sequence located approximately 35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in bacterial promoters.

A consensus sequence located approximately 10 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in bacterial promoters.

Upstream refers to sequences located before the transcription start site (+1), while downstream refers to sequences located after the start site.

Regions of DNA that initiate transcription in eukaryotic cells. They are larger and more complex than prokaryotic promoters, containing multiple consensus sequences.

A short DNA sequence that surrounds the transcription start point (+1) in eukaryotic promoters. It is essential for RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription.

A DNA sequence found in many eukaryotic promoters, located about 25 base pairs upstream of the transcription start point (-25). It helps position RNA polymerase II for transcription.

A DNA sequence found in some eukaryotic promoters, recognized by transcription factor IIB (TFIIB). It helps stabilize the transcription initiation complex.

A DNA sequence sometimes found about 30 nucleotides downstream of the transcription start point (+30) in eukaryotic promoters. It plays a role in initiating transcription.

A type of protein involved in regulating the transcription of genes in eukaryotic cells. Specifically, these factors help control the activity of RNA Polymerase II, the enzyme responsible for transcribing protein-coding genes.

A transcription factor that binds to the TATA box in eukaryotic promoters. It contains a TATA-binding protein (TBP) that specifically recognizes the TATA box sequence, which is essential for positioning RNA Polymerase II accurately at the start of transcription.

A transcription factor that recognizes the BRE sequence located near the TATA box in eukaryotic promoters. It helps stabilize the transcription initiation complex, which is formed by RNA Polymerase II and other transcription factors.

DNA sequences located near genes that can either enhance or repress transcription. They are often upstream or downstream of the gene's coding region and influence how much RNA is produced from the gene.

In the context of transcription, upstream refers to the DNA sequence located before the transcription start site (+1), while downstream refers to the sequence located after the start site. These regions contain regulatory elements that can influence the transcription process.

A mechanism of transcription termination in which a hairpin structure forms in the RNA transcript, followed by a run of uracil bases, causing the RNA polymerase to detach.

A secondary structure formed within an RNA transcript when a sequence of inverted repeats in the DNA template folds back on itself, forming a stem-loop structure with a loop at the top.

A mechanism of transcription termination that requires the Rho protein, which binds to the RNA transcript and moves towards RNA polymerase, causing the polymerase to detach.

The weaker bonding between adenine (A) and uracil (U) nucleotides in the RNA transcript after the hairpin structure facilitates the dissociation of the transcript from RNA polymerase.

Rho-dependent termination relies on the Rho protein to help detach RNA polymerase from the DNA, while intrinsic termination solely depends on the hairpin structure and the weak A-U base pairing in the RNA.