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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a type of carbohydrate used as an energy store in animal cells?
Which of the following is a type of carbohydrate used as an energy store in animal cells?
Glucose is a carbohydrate that is insoluble in water.
Glucose is a carbohydrate that is insoluble in water.
False
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
The solution that turns blue-black when mixed with starch is called __________ solution.
The solution that turns blue-black when mixed with starch is called __________ solution.
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What percentage of the human body mass is made up of carbohydrates?
What percentage of the human body mass is made up of carbohydrates?
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Match the following carbohydrates with their respective functions:
Match the following carbohydrates with their respective functions:
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Cells require glycogen to produce energy.
Cells require glycogen to produce energy.
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Reducing sugars, such as __________, can turn Benedict’s solution orange-red when heated.
Reducing sugars, such as __________, can turn Benedict’s solution orange-red when heated.
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What is the primary use of cellulose in plants?
What is the primary use of cellulose in plants?
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Fats are lipids that are liquid at room temperature.
Fats are lipids that are liquid at room temperature.
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What are the smaller molecules that make up fat molecules?
What are the smaller molecules that make up fat molecules?
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Proteins are made of long chains of ______ linked together.
Proteins are made of long chains of ______ linked together.
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Match the enzyme with its substrate:
Match the enzyme with its substrate:
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Which component is necessary for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction to occur?
Which component is necessary for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction to occur?
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All enzymes can act on any type of substrate.
All enzymes can act on any type of substrate.
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What is the function of hemoglobin in mammals?
What is the function of hemoglobin in mammals?
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The two strands of a DNA molecule are coiled around one another, forming a ______ shape.
The two strands of a DNA molecule are coiled around one another, forming a ______ shape.
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Match the enzyme to its action:
Match the enzyme to its action:
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What is an emulsion?
What is an emulsion?
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The Biuret reagent turns blue in the presence of proteins.
The Biuret reagent turns blue in the presence of proteins.
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What are the four bases of DNA?
What are the four bases of DNA?
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Enzymes lower the ______ energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.
Enzymes lower the ______ energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.
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Which part of the leaf contains most of the chloroplasts for photosynthesis?
Which part of the leaf contains most of the chloroplasts for photosynthesis?
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Guard cells are found in the upper epidermis and do not contain chloroplasts.
Guard cells are found in the upper epidermis and do not contain chloroplasts.
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What is the main function of the spongy mesophyll in a leaf?
What is the main function of the spongy mesophyll in a leaf?
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The __________ is a thin layer of wax that covers the upper surface of a leaf.
The __________ is a thin layer of wax that covers the upper surface of a leaf.
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Match the leaf tissues to their functions:
Match the leaf tissues to their functions:
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Which factor can limit the rate of photosynthesis when in short supply?
Which factor can limit the rate of photosynthesis when in short supply?
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Destarching involves keeping a plant in the dark to prevent it from using starch stores.
Destarching involves keeping a plant in the dark to prevent it from using starch stores.
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What happens to the rate of photosynthesis if the temperature is too high?
What happens to the rate of photosynthesis if the temperature is too high?
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The rate of photosynthesis increases with elevated __________ until a certain concentration is reached.
The rate of photosynthesis increases with elevated __________ until a certain concentration is reached.
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In which of the following conditions would a plant likely close its stomata?
In which of the following conditions would a plant likely close its stomata?
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All cells in the epidermis of a leaf contain chloroplasts.
All cells in the epidermis of a leaf contain chloroplasts.
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What are the primary raw materials required for photosynthesis?
What are the primary raw materials required for photosynthesis?
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The layer of cells that secretes a waxy substance forming the __________ is the upper epidermis.
The layer of cells that secretes a waxy substance forming the __________ is the upper epidermis.
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What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?
What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?
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What is formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate?
What is formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate?
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The optimum temperature for most enzymes is 60°C.
The optimum temperature for most enzymes is 60°C.
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What is denaturation in the context of enzymes?
What is denaturation in the context of enzymes?
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from __________.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from __________.
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Which of the following is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis?
Which of the following is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis?
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Bacteria thriving in hot springs have an optimum temperature of 37°C.
Bacteria thriving in hot springs have an optimum temperature of 37°C.
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What substance do plants primarily store glucose as?
What substance do plants primarily store glucose as?
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The process of converting sucrose back into glucose occurs when sucrose arrives at its __________.
The process of converting sucrose back into glucose occurs when sucrose arrives at its __________.
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What is the role of nectar in flowers?
What is the role of nectar in flowers?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Most plants can only make glucose in parts that contain chlorophyll.
Most plants can only make glucose in parts that contain chlorophyll.
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What do plants need to synthesize proteins from amino acids?
What do plants need to synthesize proteins from amino acids?
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The collection of xylem tubes and phloem vessels in a leaf is known as a __________ bundle.
The collection of xylem tubes and phloem vessels in a leaf is known as a __________ bundle.
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Why is the large surface area of leaves advantageous for plants?
Why is the large surface area of leaves advantageous for plants?
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What color do plant leaves appear when they lack sufficient magnesium and nitrogen?
What color do plant leaves appear when they lack sufficient magnesium and nitrogen?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are substances like sugars, starch, and cellulose, containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Sugars are simple carbohydrates with small molecules; they dissolve in water and taste sweet.
- Glucose is a sugar used in respiration for energy release.
- Glycogen is an animal energy storage carbohydrate.
- Starch is a plant energy storage carbohydrate.
- Iodine solution turns blue-black with starch.
- Benedict's solution turns orange-red when heated with reducing sugars (e.g., glucose).
Fats and Oils (Lipids)
- Fats (solid at room temp) and oils (liquid at room temp) are lipids.
- Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; they are insoluble in water but dissolve in ethanol.
- Lipids are energy stores.
- Fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
- Fats are important for cell membranes.
- Fat tissue beneath the skin insulates and stores energy.
- Ethanol emulsion test: Add ethanol to food; if fats are present, a milky emulsion forms when mixed with water.
Proteins
- Proteins are made of linked amino acids.
- Each protein has a unique amino acid sequence.
- Proteins may contain sulfur.
- Amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- Antibodies are proteins that fight pathogens.
- Keratin is a protein in hair and fingernails.
- Biuret reagent turns purple with amino acids or proteins.
- Enzymes are proteins that catalyze metabolic reactions.
- Hemoglobin carries oxygen in blood.
DNA Structure
- DNA is a molecule carrying genetic instructions for protein synthesis.
- DNA is found in every cell's nucleus (except red blood cells).
- DNA is made of nucleotides.
- DNA forms a double helix.
- The four DNA bases are A, C, G, and T.
- Complementary base pairing (A with T, C with G) occurs in DNA.
Enzymes
- Enzymes are biological catalysts.
- Enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reactions.
- Amylase breaks down starch to maltose.
- Protease breaks down proteins to amino acids.
- Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
- Enzymes have an active site where substrates bind.
- The substrate fits the active site, like a lock and key.
- The enzyme-substrate complex forms temporarily.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- Enzymes work best at their optimum temperature and pH.
- High temperatures or extreme pH denature enzymes, disrupting their structure and activity.
- Temperature increases enzyme activity until the optimum is reached.
- pH affects enzyme activity. Enzymes have an optimal pH range.
Plant Nutrition
- Plants make carbohydrates via photosynthesis.
- Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide.
- Chlorophyll absorbs light.
- Plants store excess glucose as starch for later use.
- Sucrose is the transport form of sugar in plants.
- Cellulose forms plant cell walls.
- Plants need nitrogen for amino acid synthesis.
- Plants need magnesium for chlorophyll production.
Leaf Structure
- Leaves have a large surface area for maximizing sunlight and CO2 intake.
- Leaves have a thin structure to allow diffusion of gases.
- Leaves have vascular bundles (veins) for transport.
- Monocots have parallel veins; dicots have networked veins.
- Leaf tissues include epidermis (upper and lower), cuticle, palisade mesophyll (photosynthesis), spongy mesophyll (gas exchange), and stomata (gas exchange).
- Guard cells control stomata opening/closing.
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis rate is affected by light intensity, CO₂ concentration, temperature, and chlorophyll amount.
- Light, CO₂, and temperature can be limiting factors, slowing down photosynthesis when scarce. Hot temperatures can denature enzymes crucial to photosynthesis.
- Stomata closing can prevent water loss but also reduces CO₂ intake, limiting photosynthesis.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts of carbohydrates and lipids, including their structures, functions, and tests. Understand the differences between simple and complex carbohydrates, as well as the role of fats and oils in energy storage and insulation. Test your knowledge on these crucial biomolecules in living organisms.