Biology Branches and Cell Structure

Study Notes

Botany: Study of plants, including their structure, growth, evolution, classification, and distribution.
Zoology: Study of animals, including their structure, behavior, evolution, classification, and distribution.
Microbiology: Study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
** Ecology**: Study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.

Cell Structure:
- Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell
- Endoplasmic reticulum: involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
Cellular Processes:
- Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
- Cellular respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose
- Mitosis: process of cell division

Mendel's Laws:
- Law of Segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
- Law of Independent Assortment: alleles for different genes are sorted independently
- Law of Dominance: one allele can be dominant over another
DNA Structure:
- Double helix model: two complementary strands of nucleotides
- Nucleotides: composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, T)

Mechanisms of Evolution:
- Natural Selection: process by which populations adapt to their environment
- Genetic Drift: random change in allele frequencies
- Gene Flow: movement of genes between populations
Evidence for Evolution:
- Fossil Record: chronological record of ancient life forms
- Comparative Anatomy: similarities and differences in body structure
- Molecular Biology: similarities and differences in DNA and protein sequences

Botany is the study of plants, including their structure, growth, evolution, classification, and distribution.
Zoology is the study of animals, including their structure, behavior, evolution, classification, and distribution.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.

The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and is the control center of the cell.
Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration, generating energy for the cell.
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and transport.
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose.
Mitosis is the process of cell division.

Mendel's Law of Segregation states that each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation.
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different genes are sorted independently.
Mendel's Law of Dominance states that one allele can be dominant over another.
DNA is structured as a double helix, composed of two complementary strands of nucleotides.
Nucleotides are composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, T).

Natural Selection is the process by which populations adapt to their environment.
Genetic Drift is a random change in allele frequencies.
Gene Flow is the movement of genes between populations.
The Fossil Record provides a chronological record of ancient life forms.
Comparative Anatomy reveals similarities and differences in body structure.
Molecular Biology reveals similarities and differences in DNA and protein sequences.