Biology Branches and Cell Structure

Study Notes

Botany: Study of plants, including their structure, growth, evolution, classification, and distribution.
Zoology: Study of animals, including their structure, growth, evolution, classification, and distribution.
Microbiology: Study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
Ecology: Study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.

Cell Structure:
- Plasma membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Cytoplasm: gel-like substance inside the cell membrane
- Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell
Cellular Processes:
- Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
- Cellular respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose

DNA:
- Double helix structure
- Contains genetic information
Genes:
- Segments of DNA that code for specific traits
- Can be dominant or recessive
Inheritance Patterns:
- Autosomal dominant: a single copy of the dominant allele is enough to express the trait
- Autosomal recessive: two copies of the recessive allele are needed to express the trait

Mechanisms of Evolution:
- Natural selection: process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
- Genetic drift: random change in allele frequencies in a population
- Mutation: change in DNA sequence
- Gene flow: movement of individuals with different alleles into a population
Evidence for Evolution:
- Fossil record: shows gradual changes in species over time
- Comparative anatomy: similar structures in different species indicate common ancestry
- Molecular biology: similarities in DNA and protein sequences indicate common ancestry

Botany is the study of plants, including their structure, growth, evolution, classification, and distribution.
Zoology is the study of animals, including their structure, growth, evolution, classification, and distribution.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.

The plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance inside the cell membrane.
The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA).
Mitochondria generate energy for the cell.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose.

DNA has a double helix structure and contains genetic information.
Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits and can be dominant or recessive.
Autosomal dominant traits require a single copy of the dominant allele to be expressed.
Autosomal recessive traits require two copies of the recessive allele to be expressed.

Natural selection is the process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies in a population.
Mutation is a change in DNA sequence.
Gene flow is the movement of individuals with different alleles into a population.
The fossil record shows gradual changes in species over time, providing evidence for evolution.
Comparative anatomy reveals similar structures in different species, indicating common ancestry.
Molecular biology shows similarities in DNA and protein sequences, indicating common ancestry.