8 Questions
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in a cell?
To provide energy for the cell
What is the building block of proteins?
Amino acid chains
What is the function of nucleic acids in a cell?
To contain genetic information
What is the primary function of lipids in a cell?
To store energy
What is the molecule that serves as the energy currency of the cell?
ATP
What is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups?
ATP
What type of carbohydrate is composed of two sugars?
Disaccharide
What is the term for the breakdown of glucose to release energy?
Glycolysis
Study Notes
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
- Provide energy for the cell
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- Examples: glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, cellulose
- Classified into:
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
- Disaccharides (double sugars)
- Polysaccharides (complex sugars)
Proteins
- Perform various functions in the cell:
- Structural
- Enzymatic
- Transport
- Defense
- Composed of amino acid chains
- 20 different amino acids are used to build proteins
- Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
Nucleic Acids
- Contain genetic information:
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- Composed of nucleotides:
- Sugar molecule
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T, or U)
Lipids
- Provide energy storage
- Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
- Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
- Functions:
- Energy storage
- Cell membrane structure
- Hormone regulation
Cellular Energy
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- Energy currency of the cell
- Composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
- ATP hydrolysis releases energy for cellular processes
Water and Its Properties
- Makes up 70-90% of cell composition
- Solvent properties:
- High surface tension
- High heat capacity
- Cohesion and adhesion
- Importance in cellular processes:
- Temperature regulation
- Chemical reactions
- Cell turgor pressure
Chemical Reactions Inside the Cell
- Metabolic pathways:
- Catabolism (breakdown)
- Anabolism (synthesis)
- Types of reactions:
- Oxidation and reduction
- Hydrolysis and condensation
- Acid-base reactions
Enzymes
- Biological catalysts
- Increase reaction rates without being consumed
- Specificity:
- Substrate binding
- Active site
- Factors affecting enzyme activity:
- Temperature
- pH
- Concentration
- Inhibitors and activators
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
- Provide energy for the cell, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- Examples: glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, cellulose
- Classified into: monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (double sugars), polysaccharides (complex sugars)
Proteins
- Perform various functions: structural, enzymatic, transport, defense
- Composed of amino acid chains, 20 different amino acids used to build proteins
- Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures are formed
Nucleic Acids
- Contain genetic information: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- Composed of nucleotides: sugar molecule, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T, or U)
Lipids
- Provide energy storage, composed of fatty acids and glycerol
- Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
- Functions: energy storage, cell membrane structure, hormone regulation
Cellular Energy
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- Energy currency of the cell, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
- ATP hydrolysis releases energy for cellular processes
Water and Its Properties
- Makes up 70-90% of cell composition
- Solvent properties: high surface tension, high heat capacity, cohesion and adhesion
- Importance in cellular processes: temperature regulation, chemical reactions, cell turgor pressure
Chemical Reactions Inside the Cell
- Metabolic pathways: catabolism (breakdown), anabolism (synthesis)
- Types of reactions: oxidation and reduction, hydrolysis and condensation, acid-base reactions
Enzymes
- Biological catalysts that increase reaction rates without being consumed
- Specificity: substrate binding, active site
- Factors affecting enzyme activity: temperature, pH, concentration, inhibitors and activators
Understand the structure and functions of biomolecules, including carbohydrates and proteins, and their roles in the cell.
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