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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in a cell?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in a cell?
What is the building block of proteins?
What is the building block of proteins?
What is the function of nucleic acids in a cell?
What is the function of nucleic acids in a cell?
What is the primary function of lipids in a cell?
What is the primary function of lipids in a cell?
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What is the molecule that serves as the energy currency of the cell?
What is the molecule that serves as the energy currency of the cell?
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What is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups?
What is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups?
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What type of carbohydrate is composed of two sugars?
What type of carbohydrate is composed of two sugars?
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What is the term for the breakdown of glucose to release energy?
What is the term for the breakdown of glucose to release energy?
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Study Notes
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
- Provide energy for the cell
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- Examples: glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, cellulose
- Classified into:
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
- Disaccharides (double sugars)
- Polysaccharides (complex sugars)
Proteins
- Perform various functions in the cell:
- Structural
- Enzymatic
- Transport
- Defense
- Composed of amino acid chains
- 20 different amino acids are used to build proteins
- Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
Nucleic Acids
- Contain genetic information:
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- Composed of nucleotides:
- Sugar molecule
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T, or U)
Lipids
- Provide energy storage
- Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
- Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
- Functions:
- Energy storage
- Cell membrane structure
- Hormone regulation
Cellular Energy
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- Energy currency of the cell
- Composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
- ATP hydrolysis releases energy for cellular processes
Water and Its Properties
- Makes up 70-90% of cell composition
- Solvent properties:
- High surface tension
- High heat capacity
- Cohesion and adhesion
- Importance in cellular processes:
- Temperature regulation
- Chemical reactions
- Cell turgor pressure
Chemical Reactions Inside the Cell
- Metabolic pathways:
- Catabolism (breakdown)
- Anabolism (synthesis)
- Types of reactions:
- Oxidation and reduction
- Hydrolysis and condensation
- Acid-base reactions
Enzymes
- Biological catalysts
- Increase reaction rates without being consumed
- Specificity:
- Substrate binding
- Active site
- Factors affecting enzyme activity:
- Temperature
- pH
- Concentration
- Inhibitors and activators
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
- Provide energy for the cell, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- Examples: glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, cellulose
- Classified into: monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (double sugars), polysaccharides (complex sugars)
Proteins
- Perform various functions: structural, enzymatic, transport, defense
- Composed of amino acid chains, 20 different amino acids used to build proteins
- Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures are formed
Nucleic Acids
- Contain genetic information: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- Composed of nucleotides: sugar molecule, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T, or U)
Lipids
- Provide energy storage, composed of fatty acids and glycerol
- Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
- Functions: energy storage, cell membrane structure, hormone regulation
Cellular Energy
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- Energy currency of the cell, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
- ATP hydrolysis releases energy for cellular processes
Water and Its Properties
- Makes up 70-90% of cell composition
- Solvent properties: high surface tension, high heat capacity, cohesion and adhesion
- Importance in cellular processes: temperature regulation, chemical reactions, cell turgor pressure
Chemical Reactions Inside the Cell
- Metabolic pathways: catabolism (breakdown), anabolism (synthesis)
- Types of reactions: oxidation and reduction, hydrolysis and condensation, acid-base reactions
Enzymes
- Biological catalysts that increase reaction rates without being consumed
- Specificity: substrate binding, active site
- Factors affecting enzyme activity: temperature, pH, concentration, inhibitors and activators
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Description
Understand the structure and functions of biomolecules, including carbohydrates and proteins, and their roles in the cell.
