Biology: Biomolecules

Study Notes

Nucleic Acids

Definition: Molecules that contain the genetic instructions for an organism
Types:
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): Double-stranded, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
- RNA (Ribonucleic acid): Single-stranded, found in the cytoplasm of cells
Structure:
- Nucleotides: Building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
- Helix structure: Double helix in DNA, single strand in RNA
Functions:
- Genetic information storage: DNA and RNA contain genetic instructions for an organism
- Protein synthesis: RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis

Proteins

Definition: Large, complex molecules that perform a wide range of functions in the cell
Structure:
- Amino acids: Building blocks of proteins, 20 different types
- Polypeptide chain: Linear sequence of amino acids
- Tertiary structure: 3D shape of a protein, influenced by hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds
Functions:
- Enzymes: Catalyze chemical reactions
- Structural proteins: Provide structure and support for cells and tissues
- Transport proteins: Transport molecules and ions across cell membranes
- Hormones: Regulate various cellular activities

Carbohydrates

Definition: Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often in a 1:2:1 ratio
Types:
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose
- Disaccharides: Composed of two monosaccharides, such as sucrose and lactose
- Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides, such as starch and cellulose
Functions:
- Energy source: Provide energy for cells
- Structural component: Cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls

Lipids

Definition: Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often with a hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail
Types:
- Triglycerides: Composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains
- Phospholipids: Composed of glycerol, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group
Functions:
- Energy storage: Triglycerides provide energy storage in adipose tissue
- Cell membrane structure: Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes

Description

Test your knowledge of biomolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, and their structures, functions, and importance in cells. Learn about the different types and functions of each biomolecule. Practice questions to help you understand the basics of biomolecules in biology.