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Questions and Answers
Which biomolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information in cells?
Which biomolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information in cells?
- Nucleic acids (correct)
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
- Protein modification and packaging (correct)
- Protein synthesis
- Lipid synthesis
- Cell signaling
What is the term for the process by which an organism's genetic information is passed from one generation to the next?
What is the term for the process by which an organism's genetic information is passed from one generation to the next?
- Heritability
- Natural selection
- Inheritance (correct)
- Genetic drift
What is the primary mechanism of muscle contraction in skeletal muscles?
What is the primary mechanism of muscle contraction in skeletal muscles?
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Which of the following systems is responsible for the regulation of blood sugar levels?
Which of the following systems is responsible for the regulation of blood sugar levels?
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What is the term for the process by which water moves through a plant, from the roots to the leaves, and is then released into the air as water vapor?
What is the term for the process by which water moves through a plant, from the roots to the leaves, and is then released into the air as water vapor?
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What is the term for the movement of individuals with a particular trait or gene from one population to another, resulting in a change in the gene pool of the recipient population?
What is the term for the movement of individuals with a particular trait or gene from one population to another, resulting in a change in the gene pool of the recipient population?
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What is the term for the process by which organisms adapt to their environment over time through the accumulation of genetic changes?
What is the term for the process by which organisms adapt to their environment over time through the accumulation of genetic changes?
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Study Notes
Biological Systems
Biology and Biochemistry
- Biomolecules:
- Carbohydrates: sugars, starches, cellulose
- Proteins: enzymes, structural, transport, defense
- Lipids: fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids
- Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA
Cellular Biology
- Cell Structure:
- Plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer, selective permeability
- Cytoplasm: cytosol, organelles (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes)
- Nucleus: DNA, nucleolus
- Cellular Processes:
- Metabolism: energy production, biosynthesis
- Cell signaling: hormone signaling, neurotransmission
- Cell division: mitosis, meiosis
Genetics and Evolution
- Mendelian Genetics:
- Laws of inheritance: segregation, independent assortment
- Genotype vs. phenotype
- Punnett squares
- Evolution:
- Mechanisms: mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection
- Types: microevolution, macroevolution
- Evidence: fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology
Physiology and Biochemistry of Organ Systems
- Nervous System:
- Structure: central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- Function: neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity
- Neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin
- Muscular System:
- Types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
- Muscle contraction: sliding filament theory
- Circulatory System:
- Heart structure: atria, ventricles, valves
- Blood flow: pulmonary, systemic
- Blood components: RBCs, WBCs, platelets
- Respiratory System:
- Gas exchange: oxygen, carbon dioxide
- Lung structure: alveoli, bronchi, diaphragm
- Digestive System:
- Nutrient absorption: mouth, stomach, small intestine
- Digestive enzymes: amylase, lipase, trypsin
- Endocrine System:
- Hormones: insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormone
- Endocrine glands: pancreas, thyroid, adrenal glands
Ecosystems and Environment
- Ecosystems:
- Types: terrestrial, aquatic, microbial
- Energy flow: producers, consumers, decomposers
- Population Ecology:
- Population growth: exponential, logistic
- Population dynamics: birth rate, death rate, migration
- Environmental Impact:
- Human impact: pollution, climate change, habitat destruction
- Conservation strategies: preservation, restoration, sustainability
Biological Systems
Biology and Biochemistry
- Biomolecules:
- Carbohydrates provide energy and structure, examples: sugars, starches, cellulose
- Proteins perform various functions, examples: enzymes, structural, transport, defense
- Lipids provide energy, insulation, and structure, examples: fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids
- Nucleic acids store genetic information, examples: DNA, RNA
Cellular Biology
- Cell Structure:
- Plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with selective permeability
- Cytoplasm consists of cytosol and organelles, such as mitochondria and ribosomes
- Nucleus contains DNA and nucleolus
- Cellular Processes:
- Metabolism involves energy production and biosynthesis
- Cell signaling involves hormone signaling and neurotransmission
- Cell division includes mitosis and meiosis
Genetics and Evolution
- Mendelian Genetics:
- Laws of inheritance: segregation, independent assortment
- Genotype determines phenotype
- Punnett squares predict offspring traits
- Evolution:
- Mechanisms: mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection
- Types: microevolution (small-scale) and macroevolution (large-scale)
- Evidence: fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology
Physiology and Biochemistry of Organ Systems
- Nervous System:
- Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) make up the nervous system
- Neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity occur in the nervous system
- Neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin
- Muscular System:
- Three types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
- Muscle contraction occurs through the sliding filament theory
- Circulatory System:
- Heart structure: atria, ventricles, valves
- Blood flow: pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (body)
- Blood components: red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets
- Respiratory System:
- Gas exchange: oxygen in, carbon dioxide out
- Lung structure: alveoli, bronchi, diaphragm
- Digestive System:
- Nutrient absorption occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine
- Digestive enzymes: amylase, lipase, trypsin
- Endocrine System:
- Hormones regulate bodily functions, examples: insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormone
- Endocrine glands: pancreas, thyroid, adrenal glands
Ecosystems and Environment
- Ecosystems:
- Types: terrestrial, aquatic, microbial
- Energy flows from producers to consumers to decomposers
- Population Ecology:
- Population growth: exponential and logistic models
- Population dynamics involve birth rate, death rate, and migration
- Environmental Impact:
- Human impact: pollution, climate change, habitat destruction
- Conservation strategies: preservation, restoration, sustainability
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