Biology: Bacterial Transformation and DNA
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Questions and Answers

What is the process in which a bacterium's genetic material is changed by a gene or genes from another bacterium?

  • Mutation
  • Transformation (correct)
  • Gene Expression
  • Transduction

    • What type of microorganism is a bacteriophage?

  • A type of virus (correct)
  • A type of protist
  • A type of fungus
  • A type of bacterium

    • What is the main function of DNA?

  • To catalyze chemical reactions
  • To synthesize proteins
  • To store and transmit genetic information (correct)
  • To replicate itself

    • Which base pairs with guanine?

    <p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the full form of DNA?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of DNA replication?

    <p>Two identical DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of a nucleotide?

    <p>A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA polymerase?

    <p>To join individual nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Chargaff's rule?

    <p>It states that A=T and G=C in any DNA sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of copying DNA prior to cell division called?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Franklin's X-ray crystallography reveal about DNA?

    <p>The double helix structure of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the base sequence of the strand formed by a strand with a base sequence of ACGTAG?

    <p>TGCATG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds hold the double helix structure of DNA together?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a DNA strand comes apart?

    <p>Replication fork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Transformation

    • A process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria.

    Bacteriophage

    • A kind of virus that infects bacteria.
    • Infects bacterial cells, sticks to the surface, and injects its genetic information.
    • The viral genes make many new bacteriophages, which destroy the bacterium.

    DNA

    • Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid.
    • Main jobs: store information, copying information, and transforming information.
    • Made up of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
    • Nucleotides are composed of three basic parts: a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

    Nucleotides

    • There are 4 different types of nucleotides: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine.
    • These nitrogenous bases pair with each other in a specific manner: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).

    Chargaff's Rule

    • A rule that states the percentages of Adenine and Thymine bases are almost equal in any sample of DNA.
    • The same is true for Guanine and Cytosine.
    • Observed that A=T and G=C in DNA samples from diverse organisms.

    Franklin's X-Rays

    • Showed that the X-ray pictures of DNA strands are twisted around each other, forming a helix shape.
    • Suggested that the nitrogenous bases are near the center of the DNA molecule.

    Double Helix Structure

    • Held together by hydrogen bonds, which are fairly weak bonds.
    • The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions, forming an antiparallel arrangement.

    Replication

    • The process of copying DNA prior to cell division.
    • Involves the unwinding of the double helix, and the formation of new strands.
    • DNA polymerase is the main enzyme involved, joining individual nucleotides to make new strands of DNA.

    Enzymes in DNA Replication

    • Pull apart a molecule of DNA, breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
    • Unwind the 2 strands.
    • DNA polymerase produces the sugar-phosphate bonds that join nucleotides together to form the new strands.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the process of transformation in bacteria, bacteriophages and their role in modifying bacteria, as well as the structure and functions of DNA.

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