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Questions and Answers
What is the process in which a bacterium's genetic material is changed by a gene or genes from another bacterium?
What type of microorganism is a bacteriophage?
What is the main function of DNA?
Which base pairs with guanine?
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What is the full form of DNA?
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What is the outcome of DNA replication?
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What is the composition of a nucleotide?
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What is the function of DNA polymerase?
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What is the significance of Chargaff's rule?
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What is the process of copying DNA prior to cell division called?
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What did Franklin's X-ray crystallography reveal about DNA?
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What is the base sequence of the strand formed by a strand with a base sequence of ACGTAG?
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What type of bonds hold the double helix structure of DNA together?
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What is the process called when a DNA strand comes apart?
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Study Notes
Transformation
- A process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria.
Bacteriophage
- A kind of virus that infects bacteria.
- Infects bacterial cells, sticks to the surface, and injects its genetic information.
- The viral genes make many new bacteriophages, which destroy the bacterium.
DNA
- Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid.
- Main jobs: store information, copying information, and transforming information.
- Made up of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
- Nucleotides are composed of three basic parts: a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Nucleotides
- There are 4 different types of nucleotides: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine.
- These nitrogenous bases pair with each other in a specific manner: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).
Chargaff's Rule
- A rule that states the percentages of Adenine and Thymine bases are almost equal in any sample of DNA.
- The same is true for Guanine and Cytosine.
- Observed that A=T and G=C in DNA samples from diverse organisms.
Franklin's X-Rays
- Showed that the X-ray pictures of DNA strands are twisted around each other, forming a helix shape.
- Suggested that the nitrogenous bases are near the center of the DNA molecule.
Double Helix Structure
- Held together by hydrogen bonds, which are fairly weak bonds.
- The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions, forming an antiparallel arrangement.
Replication
- The process of copying DNA prior to cell division.
- Involves the unwinding of the double helix, and the formation of new strands.
- DNA polymerase is the main enzyme involved, joining individual nucleotides to make new strands of DNA.
Enzymes in DNA Replication
- Pull apart a molecule of DNA, breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
- Unwind the 2 strands.
- DNA polymerase produces the sugar-phosphate bonds that join nucleotides together to form the new strands.
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Description
This quiz covers the process of transformation in bacteria, bacteriophages and their role in modifying bacteria, as well as the structure and functions of DNA.
