16 Questions
What is a key advantage of sexual reproduction?
Generation of unique genetic combinations
How do traditional hybridisation procedures in breeding often impact genetic composition?
They may include and multiply undesirable genes
What is the likely fate of a piece of DNA transferred into an alien organism?
It may multiply after integration into the host genome
Why does a piece of DNA integrated into the host genome have the potential to multiply?
It becomes part of a chromosome with replication ability
What is the enzyme responsible for joining cut DNA molecules and creating a new combination of circular autonomously replicating DNA?
Ligase enzyme
What is the term for the ability of E. coli to replicate the transferred DNA and make multiple copies using its DNA polymerase enzyme?
Cloning of antibiotic resistance gene
Which enzyme was responsible for restricting the growth of bacteriophage in Escherichia coli?
Restriction endonuclease
What are the key tools required for genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology?
Restriction enzymes, polymerase enzymes, ligases, vectors, and the host organism
What is the purpose of a bioreactor?
To provide optimal growth conditions for the desired product
What is the main function of a stirred-tank bioreactor?
Facilitating even mixing and oxygen availability throughout the bioreactor
What are the processes collectively referred to as downstream processing?
Separation and purification
What is required for each product after completion of the biosynthetic stage?
Strict quality control testing
Why is DNA unable to pass through cell membranes?
DNA is a hydrophilic molecule
How are bacterial cells made 'competent' to take up DNA?
By treating them with a specific concentration of a divalent cation
What has the tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumifaciens been modified into?
A cloning vector
What has been disarmed and now used to deliver desirable genes into animal cells?
Retroviruses
Explore the concept of genetic transformation by pathogens in eukaryotic hosts, focusing on the ability of retroviruses and Agrobacterium tumifaciens to deliver genes and induce transformation. Understand how these pathogens have been modified into useful vectors for delivering genes of interest to humans.
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