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Questions and Answers
What is the function of tRNA during translation?
What is the function of tRNA during translation?
- To transcribe the mRNA from DNA
- To carry specific amino acids to the ribosome (correct)
- To ensure codon-ant codon pairing is accurate (correct)
- To provide energy for the translation process
During translation, how does the ribosome facilitate peptide bond formation?
During translation, how does the ribosome facilitate peptide bond formation?
- By exposing six bases of mRNA at a time
- By catalyzing the reaction with peptidyl transferase (correct)
- By directly synthesizing amino acids
- By binding to the mRNA at multiple sites
What role do codons play in mRNA?
What role do codons play in mRNA?
- They facilitate the movement of ribosomes
- They sequence amino acids in a polypeptide (correct)
- They determine the lifespan of mRNA
- They pair with DNA during transcription
What is the significance of UAA during the translation process?
What is the significance of UAA during the translation process?
How does mRNA differ in lifespan compared to tRNA during protein synthesis?
How does mRNA differ in lifespan compared to tRNA during protein synthesis?
How can multiple ribosomes work on the same mRNA strand simultaneously?
How can multiple ribosomes work on the same mRNA strand simultaneously?
What is required for the specific pairing of tRNA an mRNA?
What is required for the specific pairing of tRNA an mRNA?
Which type of RNA is responsible for forming a copy of the DNA code?
Which type of RNA is responsible for forming a copy of the DNA code?
What is the main function of tRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the main function of tRNA in protein synthesis?
During the transcription process, which base pairs with adenine in RNA?
During the transcription process, which base pairs with adenine in RNA?
What initiates the formation of mRNA from DNA?
What initiates the formation of mRNA from DNA?
What is the role of codons in the genetic code?
What is the role of codons in the genetic code?
In which order does the process of protein synthesis occur?
In which order does the process of protein synthesis occur?
Where does transcription take place within the cell?
Where does transcription take place within the cell?
Which property describes the codons in the genetic code?
Which property describes the codons in the genetic code?
Which amino acid is coded for by the codon GAA?
Which amino acid is coded for by the codon GAA?
What is a key structural difference between RNA and tRNA?
What is a key structural difference between RNA and tRNA?
During transcription, which molecule is synthesized?
During transcription, which molecule is synthesized?
Which component is not involved in the process of translation?
Which component is not involved in the process of translation?
What step directly follows mRNA pairing with ribosomes in the translation process?
What step directly follows mRNA pairing with ribosomes in the translation process?
What is the main purpose of codons in mRNA?
What is the main purpose of codons in mRNA?
Where does translation occur within a cell?
Where does translation occur within a cell?
What role do anticodons play in translation?
What role do anticodons play in translation?
How are proteins processed after their synthesis?
How are proteins processed after their synthesis?
Which of the following is not a step in protein synthesis?
Which of the following is not a step in protein synthesis?
What characteristic of ATP allows it to easily diffuse between cell organelles?
What characteristic of ATP allows it to easily diffuse between cell organelles?
Which process is NOT a use of ATP in cellular functions?
Which process is NOT a use of ATP in cellular functions?
How do the two polynucleotide strands of DNA maintain their stability?
How do the two polynucleotide strands of DNA maintain their stability?
What is the significance of the phosphodiester bond in polynucleotide formation?
What is the significance of the phosphodiester bond in polynucleotide formation?
Which feature of DNA structure contributes to its double helix shape?
Which feature of DNA structure contributes to its double helix shape?
Flashcards
mRNA translation
mRNA translation
mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to synthesize proteins.
Polyribosomes
Polyribosomes
Multiple ribosomes translating a single mRNA molecule simultaneously.
tRNA role
tRNA role
Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome, matching them to codons on the mRNA.
Codon-anticodon pairing
Codon-anticodon pairing
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Ribosome function
Ribosome function
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Peptide bond formation
Peptide bond formation
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mRNA lifespan
mRNA lifespan
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mRNA Role in Protein Synthesis
mRNA Role in Protein Synthesis
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tRNA Structure
tRNA Structure
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Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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Codons
Codons
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Anticodons
Anticodons
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Protein Synthesis Location
Protein Synthesis Location
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Protein Modification
Protein Modification
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Protein Release
Protein Release
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Degenerate Genetic Code
Degenerate Genetic Code
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Non-overlapping Genetic Code
Non-overlapping Genetic Code
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Genetic Code Properties
Genetic Code Properties
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DNA Function
DNA Function
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DNA Stability
DNA Stability
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RNA Function
RNA Function
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RNA Stability
RNA Stability
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Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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ATP Function
ATP Function
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DNA Structure
DNA Structure
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Hydrogen bonds in DNA
Hydrogen bonds in DNA
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Complementary base pairing
Complementary base pairing
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Polynucleotide formation
Polynucleotide formation
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Study Notes
Molecules, Diet, Transport and Health
- ATP is a phosphorylated mononucleotide made from ribose, adenine, and phosphate groups.
- ATP is a universal energy currency in cells, easily diffusing between organelles due to its small size and water solubility.
- ATP provides immediate energy by breaking down into ADP and releasing energy in the presence of water.
- ATP is crucial for many cellular processes, such as cell division, muscle contraction, maintaining body temperature, protein synthesis, and nerve impulse transmission.
Polynucleotide Formation
- Polynucleotides form during interphase.
- Condensation reactions link nucleotides, creating a phosphodiester bond between the 5' carbon of one nucleotide and the 3' carbon of the next.
- The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of DNA and RNA, with nitrogenous bases projecting outwards.
- Nucleotides align in an antiparallel configuration (3' to 5' and 5' to 3').
- Hydrogen bonds form between complementary bases (A=T, G=C).
- A double helix structure is formed by the two strands twisting.
- Each full turn in the DNA molecule contains 10 base pairs, spanning 3.4 nm.
DNA Replication (Semi-conservative)
- DNA replication is semi-conservative.
- Each new DNA molecule contains one original and one newly synthesized strand.
- The original DNA strand serves as a template for the new strand.
- DNA helicase unwinds the DNA double helix, breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
- Free activated nucleotides line up along both strands.
- DNA polymerase adds nucleotides complementary to the template strand.
- DNA ligase seals the gaps between the segments, finalizing the new DNA strands.
- The process occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.
DNA Replication Experimental Evidence (Meselson-Stahl)
- Bacteria were grown in a medium containing heavy nitrogen (15N).
- After one generation, DNA molecules were intermediate weight (hybrid).
- After two generations, DNA molecules were of light weight (fully replicated).
- This outcome confirmed semi-conservative replication.
Genetic Code
- A gene is a segment of DNA containing a specific sequence of bases, coding for a specific protein sequence.
- The three-base sequence on DNA is called a codon.
- There are 64 possible codons, sufficient for specifying 20 amino acids.
- The genetic code is universal (same codons specify the same amino acids across all living organisms.)
- The genetic code is degenerate (multiple codons can specify the same amino acid). This degeneracy in the genetic code minimizes the effect of mutations.
Protein Synthesis
- This involves two stages : transcription and translation.
- Transcription creates a messenger RNA (mRNA) copy of a gene's DNA sequences in the nucleus.
- Translation takes place in the cytoplasm. mRNA binds to ribosomes, which translate the mRNA sequence into a specific chain of amino acids (a protein).
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry specific amino acids to the ribosome, aligning them according to the corresponding mRNA codons.
- A peptide bond forms between adjacent amino acids.
- Newly synthesized proteins may undergo modifications (e.g., glycosylation) within the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Proteins are transported out of the cell in vesicles.
RNA Types Involved in Protein Synthesis
- mRNA carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosome.
- tRNA molecules bring specific amino acids to the ribosome.
Ribosomes
- Ribosomes are responsible for assembling amino acids into a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence.
- Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.
- Ribosomes have a small and a large subunit.
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Description
Explore the critical roles of ATP in cellular processes such as energy provision, cell division, and muscle contraction. Also, learn about the formation of polynucleotides and the structural framework of DNA and RNA through condensation reactions and phosphodiester bonds.
