Biology and Statistics Quiz

Statistical Conclusion

• Calculated r (-0.987) is greater than the critical value (r tables) (0.622)
• This means reject the null hypothesis (H0), and accept the alternative hypothesis
• With 95% confidence, there's a negative correlation between the cm and number of bubbles

Measurement Instruments

• Number of bubbles: Counting method, stopwatch
• Distance from light source: Ruler or measuring tape

Honor Code

• Work is original and completed according to the honor code policies
• Any external sources are properly cited, including artificial intelligence outputs
• Academic dishonesty will result in zero points and possible protocol activation by the Academic Integrity Committee of Prepa UDEM

Producer vs. Consumer

• Producers: Organisms that make their own food (e.g., plants through photosynthesis)
• Consumers: Organisms that eat other organisms for energy (e.g., animals)
• Consumers are heterotrophs (cannot produce their own food)

Detritivores and Saprotrophs

• Detritivores: Heterotrophs that obtain nutrients through internal digestion
• Saprotrophs: Heterotrophs that release digestive enzymes onto dead organic matter to digest it externally

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• Photosynthesis: Plants use energy from sunlight to produce carbohydrates (e.g., glucose)
• Cellular Respiration: Transferring chemical energy from glucose or other carbon compounds to ATP

Food Chain

• Sequence of organisms, each feeding on the previous level
• Energy in the form of carbon compounds flows through the chain, with energy lost at each level

Producer vs. Primary Consumer

• Producers: Make their own food; base of the food chain
• Primary Consumers: Animals that eat producers

Energy Flow in Food Chains

• Plants use sunlight to produce glucose (photosynthesis)
• Consumers obtain energy by consuming plants or other animals
• Energy is lost as heat and waste at each level

Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem

• Species: Groups of organisms that reproduce and produce fertile offspring
• Population: Organisms of the same species in the same area
• Community: Different populations interacting in the same time and area
• Ecosystem: Community of organisms interacting with their non-living environment

Nutrition Methods

• Autotrophic: Self-feeding (making their own food)
• Heterotrophic: Feeding on other organisms

Sustainability Requirements

• Nutrient availability
• Energy availability
• Detoxification of waste products

Tree Felling Impact on Carbon Cycle

• Reduced CO2 absorption
• Decreased oxygen production
• Reduced biodiversity

Fossil Fuel Burning Impact on Carbon Cycle

• Increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere
• Disrupted carbon cycle
• Potential for global warming

Evolution

• Change in characteristics of a species over time
• Heritable characteristics passed down across generations

Evidence of Evolution

• Fossils
• Homologous structures
• Vestigial Structures

Natural Selection

• Process where only the fittest survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits

Homologous Structures

• Similar structures in different organisms, suggesting a common ancestor
• May perform different functions

Artificial Selection

• Intentional breeding of organisms with specific traits to produce desired offspring

Adaptation

• Trait that helps an organism survive in its environment

Acquired vs. Inherited Traits

• Acquired: Learned or developed during life
• Inherited: Passed down through genetics

Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution

• Convergent: Similar traits developing in unrelated species
• Divergent: Similar species becoming different over time due to different environments

Analogous Structures

• Similar functions but different structures (e.g., wings of birds and insects)

Homologous Structures

• Same structure but different functions (e.g., flippers of a dolphin and arms of a human)

Photosynthetic Activity of Elodea

• Dependent variable: Number of oxygen bubbles produced by Elodea
• Correlation: Negative correlation between distance from the light source and number of bubbles (fewer bubbles at greater distances)
• Prediction for 220 cm: Number of bubbles will approach zero (or very low) due to the inverse relationship with distance.