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Questions and Answers
What role does polygenic inheritance play in the study of human genetics?
What role does polygenic inheritance play in the study of human genetics?
- It eliminates genetic factors in trait determination.
- It restricts traits to single gene influences.
- It allows for continuous variation in traits due to multiple genes. (correct)
- It limits trait variation to environmental factors exclusively.
Which of the following best defines broad-sense heritability?
Which of the following best defines broad-sense heritability?
- The heritability estimated only from additive genetic variance.
- The heritability influenced solely by epistatic interactions.
- All genetic factors affecting heritability including additive, dominant/recessive, and epistatic effects. (correct)
- The environmental variance that impacts trait expression.
What is the primary focus of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping?
What is the primary focus of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping?
- It examines only single gene traits for heritability.
- It identifies DNA sequences that harbor genes affecting quantitative traits. (correct)
- It analyzes phenotypic traits without genetic influences.
- It involves the selection of traits based on environmental adaptation.
What does inbreeding typically lead to in offspring?
What does inbreeding typically lead to in offspring?
What is the primary goal of selective breeding?
What is the primary goal of selective breeding?
What is the primary difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
What is the primary difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
Which of the following describes the founder effect in population genetics?
Which of the following describes the founder effect in population genetics?
What characterizes a monomorphic population?
What characterizes a monomorphic population?
How does horizontal gene transfer differ from traditional reproduction?
How does horizontal gene transfer differ from traditional reproduction?
Which method is typically used to discriminate among possible phylogenetic trees?
Which method is typically used to discriminate among possible phylogenetic trees?
What characterizes quantitative traits?
What characterizes quantitative traits?
What is a normal distribution?
What is a normal distribution?
Which statistical method is used to understand the relationship between two variables?
Which statistical method is used to understand the relationship between two variables?
What did Francis Galton and Karl Pearson contribute to the field of genetics?
What did Francis Galton and Karl Pearson contribute to the field of genetics?
How does variance relate to a mean in a distribution?
How does variance relate to a mean in a distribution?
Which term refers to traits controlled by a single gene or a small number of genes?
Which term refers to traits controlled by a single gene or a small number of genes?
In statistical methods, what is regression analysis primarily used for?
In statistical methods, what is regression analysis primarily used for?
Which of the following best describes complex traits?
Which of the following best describes complex traits?
What does heritability measure in a group of individuals?
What does heritability measure in a group of individuals?
Which factors contribute to the variation in quantitative traits?
Which factors contribute to the variation in quantitative traits?
Which term describes the phenomenon when different genotypes respond differently to environmental changes?
Which term describes the phenomenon when different genotypes respond differently to environmental changes?
What does polygenic inheritance indicate about quantitative traits?
What does polygenic inheritance indicate about quantitative traits?
What kind of variation is considered when measuring heritability?
What kind of variation is considered when measuring heritability?
Which of the following best describes how quantitative traits are often analyzed?
Which of the following best describes how quantitative traits are often analyzed?
Which of the following components is NOT considered in the variation of quantitative traits?
Which of the following components is NOT considered in the variation of quantitative traits?
What is the effect of additive contributions in polygenic traits?
What is the effect of additive contributions in polygenic traits?
Which concept defines a species based on the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring?
Which concept defines a species based on the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring?
What term describes the phenomenon where hybrid offspring exhibit superior traits compared to their parents?
What term describes the phenomenon where hybrid offspring exhibit superior traits compared to their parents?
Which process involves gradual evolutionary change within a single lineage transforming one species into another?
Which process involves gradual evolutionary change within a single lineage transforming one species into another?
What is the key feature of the General Lineage Concept of species definition?
What is the key feature of the General Lineage Concept of species definition?
What does Cladogenesis refer to in the context of species evolution?
What does Cladogenesis refer to in the context of species evolution?
Which concept focuses on the separate evolution of lineages to define a species?
Which concept focuses on the separate evolution of lineages to define a species?
In the context of the Biological Species Concept, which scenario illustrates reproductive isolation?
In the context of the Biological Species Concept, which scenario illustrates reproductive isolation?
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding monomorphic populations?
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding monomorphic populations?
Which of the following best defines allele frequency?
Which of the following best defines allele frequency?
What is the consequence of the Founder Effect?
What is the consequence of the Founder Effect?
Which statement accurately describes genotype frequency?
Which statement accurately describes genotype frequency?
Which factor is associated with the Bottleneck Effect?
Which factor is associated with the Bottleneck Effect?
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium imply about a population?
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium imply about a population?
In what situation does genetic drift commonly occur?
In what situation does genetic drift commonly occur?
What can the Founder Effect result in regarding traits in a new population?
What can the Founder Effect result in regarding traits in a new population?
Which condition is NOT assumed by the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Which condition is NOT assumed by the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Flashcards
Complex Traits
Complex Traits
Characteristics controlled by multiple genes and influenced by the environment. They exhibit a continuous range of variation within a population.
Quantitative Trait
Quantitative Trait
A measurable phenotype that is influenced by both genetics and the environment.
Normal Distribution
Normal Distribution
A distribution where data is symmetrical around the average value, with most values closer to the middle and fewer values at the extremes.
Biometric Field
Biometric Field
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Discontinuous Traits
Discontinuous Traits
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Variance
Variance
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Covariance
Covariance
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Regression Analysis
Regression Analysis
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Polygenic Inheritance
Polygenic Inheritance
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Quantitative Trait Locus
Quantitative Trait Locus
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Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping
Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping
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Inbreeding
Inbreeding
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Selective Breeding
Selective Breeding
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Heritability
Heritability
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Genetic Variation (VG)
Genetic Variation (VG)
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Environmental Variation (VE)
Environmental Variation (VE)
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Genotype-Environment Interaction (VG×E)
Genotype-Environment Interaction (VG×E)
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Genotype-Environment Association (VG←→E)
Genotype-Environment Association (VG←→E)
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Genotype-Environment Interaction
Genotype-Environment Interaction
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Genotype-Environment Association
Genotype-Environment Association
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Microevolution
Microevolution
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Macroevolution
Macroevolution
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Phylogenetic Tree
Phylogenetic Tree
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Population
Population
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Horizontal Gene Transfer
Horizontal Gene Transfer
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Biological Species Concept
Biological Species Concept
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Evolutionary Lineage Concept
Evolutionary Lineage Concept
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Hybrid Vigor (Heterosis)
Hybrid Vigor (Heterosis)
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Anagenesis
Anagenesis
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Cladogenesis
Cladogenesis
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General Lineage Concept
General Lineage Concept
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Monomorphic
Monomorphic
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Evolution
Evolution
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Allele Frequency
Allele Frequency
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Genotype Frequency
Genotype Frequency
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Founder Effect
Founder Effect
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Bottleneck Effect
Bottleneck Effect
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
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Bottleneck Events
Bottleneck Events
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Study Notes
Quantitative Inheritance
- Quantitative traits are characteristics determined by multiple genes and influenced by environment.
- These traits are measurable and vary in magnitude within a population.
- Examples include height, weight, and metabolic traits.
- Normal distribution is a symmetrical distribution of trait values around an average.
- Calculation of the mean: ΣΧ / N (sum of all values divided by number of individuals).
- Variance measures the amount of variation around the mean: Σ(Xᵢ - X)2 / (N-1).
- Covariance describes the relationship between two variables, while regression analysis predicts how one variable changes with another.
- Biometric field focuses on the statistical study of biological traits.
- Discontinuous traits are often controlled by a single gene and less influenced by environment.
- Mendelian inheritance patterns (like dominant and recessive) are often observed in discontinuous traits.
- Frequency distribution is a way to describe quantitative traits.
Polygenic Inheritance
- Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes influencing a trait.
- William Bateson and William Castle studied polygenic inheritance, in which traits are governed by multiple genes.
- Quantitative traits are often difficult to analyze because of the influence of multiple genes and environment.
- Polygenic traits can exhibit additive effects, where genes contribute small changes in the trait, and environment interacts.
- Heritability describes the proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic variation.
- Geneticists categorize quantitative trait variation into: genetic variation, environmental variation, interactions between genetic and environmental factors.
- Genotype-environment interaction describes responses to environmental variation that vary between genotypes.
- Genotype-environment association statistically examines the relationship between allelic frequency and relevant environmental conditions (useful in human genetics or to study adaptation).
- Heritability can be broadly categorized as all genetic factors, or more narrowly as just additive effects.
Evolution and Speciation
- Evolution is a heritable change in characteristics of a population or species.
- Microevolution: small-scale changes in allele frequencies.
- Macroevolution: large-scale changes, species formation.
- Molecular evolution: changes at the molecular level.
- Horizontal Gene Transfer: genetic material exchange directly or indirectly between organisms without direct reproduction.
- Biological species concept: groups capable of interbreeding to produce viable, fertile offspring in the wild, but not with others.
- Evolutionary lineage concept: focuses on species descent from ancestors.
- General lineage concept: emphasizes the evolution of a species over time.
- Allopatric speciation: geographical isolation leading to speciation.
- Parapatric speciation: speciation along an environmental gradient.
- Sympatric speciation: speciation within the same geographic area.
- Natural selection, random genetic drift, and migration are factors that affect population evolution.
Population Genetics
- Population: group of individuals of the same species in a specific region that can interbreed.
- Local populations (demes): smaller groups within the population that can interbreed.
- Polymorphism: existence of many forms within a trait.
- Monomorphic: all individuals have the same form of a trait.
- Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP): genomic variation at a single base position.
- Allele frequency: proportion of a particular allele within a population (e.g., number of times an allele appears/total number of all alleles).
- Genotype frequency: proportion of a specific genotype (e.g., number of individuals with a specific genotype/ total number of individuals).
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: a theoretical state where allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations in the absence of disturbing factors like mutation, genetic drift, migration, nonrandom mating, and natural selection.
- Founder effect: reduction in genetic variability in a population formed by individuals from a smaller, original population.
- Bottleneck effect: reduction in genetic variability caused by a sharp decrease in population size.
Factors Governing Microevolution
- Mutation: introduces new alleles (variations in a gene).
- Random genetic drift: chance changes in allele frequencies
- Migration: introduction of alleles from another population.
- Natural selection: traits favored by the environment lead to more offspring.
- Nonrandom mating: choosing mates based on phenotype or lineage.
Sources of Genetic Variation
- Independent assortment: different chromosomes independently separate and combine during gamete formation
- Crossing over
- Interspecies crosses: breeding of different species.
- Prokaryotic gene transfer: methods to transfer genetic material between prokaryotes.
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