Biology and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Presence of autoantibodies

Tendency for ketosis

Insulin resistance (correct)

No or low insulin level

What is the primary purpose of gluconeogenesis?

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (correct)

Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose

Breakdown of glucose to produce energy

Storage of glucose as glycogen

Which of the following is a characteristic of hyperglycemia?

Decreased glucose in plasma and urine

Increased blood and urine pH

Increased urine specific gravity (correct)

Decreased urine ketones

What is the reference method for glucose measurement?

Hexokinase method Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hyperlipoproteinemia is characterized by increased chylomicrons?

Type I Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucagon?

Increases glycogenolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of glucose?

Constituent of all living cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fasting before glucose measurement?

To allow for accurate measurement of glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

At which level is impaired glucose tolerance determined?

200 mg/dL, random plasma glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for a 2-hr OGTT in a provisional diagnosis of diabetes?

mmol/L Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle involved in measuring HbA1c using cation exchange chromatography?

The negatively charged hemoglobin attaches to the positively charged resin bed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic that differentiates LDL from Lp(a)?

Kringles Signup and view all the answers

What is the waste product of purine catabolism?

Uric acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the cut-off point for desirable total cholesterol?

199 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the oxidase enzyme in the enzymatic method of cholesterol determination?

To oxidize free cholesterol to peroxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the majority of the NPN waste excreted daily?

Urea Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the alpha cells and increases plasma glucose?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of creatinine in the body?

Waste product of muscle metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic test for diabetes mellitus?

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Absolute insulin deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age for diabetes screening according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA)?

40 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criterion for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

Two-hour OGTT ≥ 8.5 mmol/L Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucocorticoids in the body?

Anti-inflammatory response Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate amount of bilirubin formed daily?

500-600 mg Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of bilirubin found in serum?

Unconjugated bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

What type of bilirubin is found in urine?

Indirect bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of increased bilirubin production?

Hemolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with impaired bilirubin conjugation?

Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of increased unconjugated bilirubin in serum?

Impaired bilirubin conjugation Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with increased conjugated bilirubin in serum?

Obstruction to the bile flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of increased BUN in a patient?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular weight of creatinine?

113 Da Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about urobilinogen?

It is reduced to a colorless compound by intestinal bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of creatinine synthesis?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Which type of kidney injury is characterized by increased protein catabolism?

Pre-renal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of horseradish peroxidase in the glucose hexokinase method?

To catalyze the second reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency of HbA1c testing for patients not meeting treatment goals for diabetes?

Quarterly Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of uric acid in plasma?

Soluble monosodium urate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is an example of post-renal kidney injury?

Obstruction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Energy Storage and Diabetes

Excess calories can be stored as energy in various forms, including glycogen, fat, and protein.
Hyperglycemia is characterized by increased glucose in plasma and urine, and may also involve increased urine ketones and specific gravity.

Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by:
- Absolute deficiency in insulin secretion
- Cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
- Often initiated by viral infection or environmental factors
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is not associated with obesity or increased body fat.

Glucose Measurement

Glucose can be measured in serum, plasma, urine, or whole blood.
Testing should be done in the morning after an 8-10 hour fast.
The hexokinase method is the reference method for glucose measurement.

Hyperlipoproteinemia

Frederickson-Levy classification system is used to categorize hyperlipoproteinemia based on the type of lipoprotein elevated.
Types of hyperlipoproteinemia include:
- Type I: Elevated chylomicrons
- Type II: Elevated LDL and VLDL
- Type III: Elevated IDL
- Type IV: Elevated VLDL
- Type V: Elevated chylomicrons and VLDL

Gluconeogenesis and Glucagon

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.
Glucagon is a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that:
- Increases glycogenolysis
- Increases gluconeogenesis
- Increases plasma glucose

Plasma Glucose and Hormones

Hormones that increase plasma glucose include:
- Epinephrine
- Glucocorticoids
- Glucagon
Insulin decreases plasma glucose.

Creatinine and Renal Function

Creatinine is a waste product of protein catabolism.
Creatinine has a molecular weight of 113 Da and is produced in the body at a constant rate.
Excretion of creatinine depends on renal function.

Diabetes Diagnosis and Testing

Tests used to diagnose diabetes mellitus include:
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
- Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
Criteria for diagnosing diabetes mellitus include:
- FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL
- OGTT ≥ 200 mg/dL
- HbA1c ≥ 6.5%

Lipoproteins and Cholesterol

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is the primary lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues.
Lp(a) is a lipoprotein that is similar to LDL but has a different density and composition.
Cholesterol is a lipid that is an essential component of cell membranes.

Waste Products and Metabolism

BUN (blood urea nitrogen) is a waste product of protein catabolism.
Creatinine is a waste product of protein catabolism.
Uric acid is a waste product of purine catabolism.
Bilirubin is a waste product of heme catabolism.

Kidney Injury and Function

Pre-renal kidney injury is caused by decreased blood flow to the kidneys.
Renal kidney injury is caused by damage to the kidney tissue itself.
Post-renal kidney injury is caused by obstruction to the urinary tract.
Kidney function can be assessed by measuring creatinine, BUN, and other waste products.

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Description

A short quiz on biology and physiology, covering topics such as energy storage, hyperglycemia, and cell characteristics.