Biology and Genetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide found in RNA?

  • Uracil
  • Guanine
  • Adenine
  • Thymine (correct)

RNA is a double-stranded molecule.

False (B)

What is the name of the geologic eon that preceded the Archean?

Hadean

The ______ world hypothesis suggests that RNA played a crucial role in the origin of life.

<p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Biosphere = A thin layer near Earth's surface where life exists DNA = A double-helix molecule carrying genetic information RNA = A single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis Hadean = The earliest geologic eon of Earth's history</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key characteristics that define living organisms?

<p>Reproduction and the ability to use building blocks from the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The early environments on Earth were characterized by constant temperatures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA?

<p>DNA serves as a blueprint for proteins, the building blocks of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main source of energy for cells is ______, which is generated by mitochondria.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of DNA strands?

<p>Sugar and phosphates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genes are located exclusively in the nucleus of human cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their correct descriptions:

<p>DNA = A long molecule carrying genetic information Gene = A segment of DNA encoding a protein Chromosome = A structure containing a long DNA molecule Mitochondria = Organelles responsible for energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of AlphaFold in the context of protein structure prediction?

<p>AlphaFold predicts the 3D structure of proteins from their amino acid sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a protein's amino acid sequence and its 3D structure?

<p>Both the amino acid sequence and the 3D structure are necessary for the protein's function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The industrial revolution led to a decrease in the number of black peppered moths.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Galapagos finches in the context of evolution?

<p>The Galapagos finches demonstrate the process of adaptive radiation, where a single ancestral species evolved into a diverse array of species with distinct beak shapes adapted to different food sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is TRUE about directional selection?

<p>Directional selection favors extreme phenotypes over intermediate phenotypes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Galapagos finches developed different beak shapes due to variations in their food sources.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main processes that drive evolution?

<p>Selection, reproduction, mutation, and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the basic unit of the nervous system.

<p>neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a benefit of a nervous system?

<p>Efficient photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of input signals that neurons receive at their dendrites?

<p>Positive and negative ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The action potential in a neuron always has the same strength, regardless of the strength of the input signal.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an instinct?

<p>A dog learning to sit on command (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The knee-jerk reflex is an example of an instinct.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus, such as light or food?

<p>Taxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the main male sex hormone that can prime several instincts, such as sexuality and dominance.

<p>testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following instinctive behaviors with their corresponding examples:

<p>Reflexes = Goosebumps Instincts = Birds migrating as winter approaches Taxis = A moth flying towards a light source Innate behavior = A dog learning to fetch a ball</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a learned behavior, rather than an innate behavior?

<p>A child learning to ride a bicycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fear of snakes and spiders is a learned behavior.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give one example of a taxis behavior.

<p>A moth flying towards a light source</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of long-term memory according to the content?

<p>To predict future events based on past experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memories can help make a difference between life and death.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a brain be described as a 'prediction machine'?

<p>It uses past experiences to make better decisions about the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of memory formation is crucial for survival.

<p>point</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of memory to its function:

<p>Long-term memory = Predict future events based on past Short-term memory = Remember immediate environmental cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of taxis occurs when an organism moves towards a stimulus?

<p>Positive taxis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kinesis refers to directed movement in response to a stimulus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of memory as defined in psychology?

<p>Encoding, storing, and retrieving information</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a decision loop, the last step before carrying out an action is to ______.

<p>decide what to do</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of movement with their descriptions:

<p>Phototaxis = Movement towards or away from light Chemotaxis = Movement towards or away from chemicals Orthokinesis = Movement related to speed Klinokinesis = Movement related to turning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biosphere

A 20 km thin layer near the Earth's surface where life exists.

RNA

A single-stranded molecule present in most living organisms, crucial for protein synthesis.

Nucleotides

The building blocks of RNA, consisting of adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine.

DNA

A double helix molecule that carries genetic information and can replicate.

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Hadean Eon

The first geologic eon of Earth's history, lasting from 4.6 to 4 billion years ago.

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Extraterrestrial Life

The theory that life might exist beyond Earth.

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Reproduction in RNA

The process by which RNA can replicate itself under certain conditions.

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Proteins

Molecules that are the building blocks of life, guided by the information in DNA.

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Key ingredient for organisms

Nucleotides are essential for producing all living organisms.

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Structure of DNA

DNA is a double helix made of sugar and phosphate strands, with bases in between.

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DNA replication process

The process where DNA splits, nucleotides are added, producing two copies.

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What are genes?

Genes are segments of DNA that encode proteins, determining traits.

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Chromosomes

Chromosomes are long DNA molecules that contain genetic material of an organism.

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Mitochondria's role

Mitochondria generate ATP, the main energy source of cells, containing a small number of genes.

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AlphaFold

AI tool that predicts the 3D structure of proteins based on amino acid sequences.

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Peppered moth evolution

The color change in peppered moths is an example of natural selection due to industrial pollution.

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Directional selection

A type of natural selection favoring one extreme phenotype.

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Galapagos finches beaks

Different beak shapes adapt to available food types.

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Evolutionary theory

Life evolves through selection, reproduction, mutation, and death.

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Phylogenetic Tree of Life

A model representing evolutionary relationships among species.

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Nervous system benefits

Nervous systems allow for perception, locomotion, and communication.

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Neurons

Cells that transmit signals in the nervous system.

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Action potential

A signal created when neuron thresholds are exceeded.

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Survival criteria in evolution

Key behaviors for species: finding food, mating, escaping predators.

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Taxis

Directed movement towards (positive) or away (negative) from a stimulus.

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Phototaxis

Movement in response to light, can be positive or negative.

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Chemotaxis

Movement of an organism in response to chemical stimuli, often found in bacteria.

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Kinesis

Undirected movement in response to a stimulus, includes speed (orthokinesis) and turning (klinokinesis).

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Memory

The faculty of encoding, storing, and retrieving information in the brain.

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Synapse

A junction between two neurons where signals are transmitted.

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C.elegans

A 1 mm nematode with 302 neurons, used for neuroscience studies.

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Neuron Count in Humans

Humans have approximately 86 billion neurons in the brain.

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Innate Behavior

Behaviors that are genetically programmed rather than learned.

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Reflex

A motor or neural response to a specific environmental stimulus.

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Instinct

Innate behaviors that involve complex actions by the whole organism.

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Fear as Instinct

Fear of certain stimuli, like snakes, is an innate behavior observed in infants.

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Correlation of Past and Future

The idea that the future resembles the past based on memories and experiences.

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Brain as Prediction Machine

The brain uses past memories to make predictions for better decision-making.

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Long-term Memory Purpose

To help predict future occurrences based on past experiences, like food availability or dangers.

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Short-term Memory Function

Allows identification of immediate sensory experiences and navigation in current environments.

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Memory's Importance

Memory can determine survival by recalling vital information, such as locations of food or dangers.

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Study Notes

Animal Cognition Overview

  • Animal cognition is a field studying animal minds, including the origin of life, evolution, nervous systems, innate behavior, and memory.

Topics Covered

  • Origin of life
  • Evolution
  • Nervous systems
  • Innate behavior
  • Memory

Origin of Life

  • 4.6 Billion years ago — Earth's formation marked the start of the Hadean Eon.
  • A 20-km-thin layer, the biosphere, contains living organisms.
  • Layers exist, including the lithosphere (land), atmosphere (air), and hydrosphere (water).
  • Living organisms reproduce and use building blocks.

Early Environments on Earth

  • Reducing atmosphere
  • Hot springs
  • Hydrothermal vents
  • Gas-filled caves
  • Wet-dry cycle pools
  • Volcanic clouds
  • Temperature variations due to factors like night and day, seasons and location

RNA World Hypothesis

  • RNA molecules might have been the first self-replicating and evolving molecules in Earth's history.

Nucleotides in RNA

  • Adenine (A)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Uracil (U)
  • Guanine (G)

RNA

  • RNA is a single-stranded molecule, different from DNA.
  • Connected by a strong backbone of nucleotides.

Base Pairing

  • Specific pairings connect nucleotides (U with A, C with G).

Reproduction Start

  • Reproduction of RNA occurs through a process triggered by temperature changes, such as the change from cold to warm water.

Reproduction

  • The process of RNA replication and copying.

Reproduction End

  • After a temperature change, RNA molecules are completely copied.

Extraterrestrial Life

  • A model suggests information-processing systems present in small molecules may be widespread in the universe.

DNA

  • DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotide pairs.
  • It can replicate, functioning as a blueprint for proteins, which are fundamental to life.
  • DNA reproduction via splitting the molecule into two, adding nucleotides, and producing two copies.

Genes

  • Genes are segments in DNA that encode proteins.
  • DNA consists of multiple genes along a strand.

Chromosomes

  • Chromosomes are long DNA molecules containing an organism's genetic material.

Where Genes Are Located

  • In humans, almost all genes are found within the nuclei of cells.
  • The remaining genes reside within mitochondria.

How Proteins Are Produced In The Body

  • Production involves growing polypeptide chains, tRNA, mRNA, and ribosomes.

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024

  • Awarded for advancements in computational protein design and protein structure prediction.

Al for Protein Structure Prediction

  • AlphaFold predicts the 3D structure of proteins using a transformer model from a sequence of amino acids. (Distance Matrix)

Al for Protein Design

  • Rosetta aims to design a protein with a desired 3D structure by providing parameters to ProteinSolver.

Evolution

  • A process where life on Earth evolves through natural selection, reproduction, mutations, and death.
  • Selection factors drive DNA replication.
  • Modern genetics supports Darwin's theory.

Phylogenetic Tree of Life

  • A graphical representation depicting the development and relationships between different organisms (Species).

Peppered Moths

  • Moths existed predominantly as a light colored species, camouflaging themselves against tree bark that was colored light.
  • After the Industrial Revolution, soot on the trees led to a change in the species prevalence.
  • Now, black peppered moths are the prevalent color.

Galapagos Finches

  • A dozen species of finches exist, similar to mainland variety, exhibiting varied diets (food availability).
  • Different food sources on different islands lead to different beak shapes — a direct adaptation to the food type.

Genotype/Phenotype

  • Genotype refers to an organism's complete set of genes.
  • Phenotype describes an organism's physical characteristics which result from the expression of its genes (what the organism looks like).

Directional Selection

  • Natural selection favoring one extreme phenotype over the other or moderate phenotypes.

Sexual Selection

  • Selection driven by mating preferences.

Animal Behavior

  • Behaviors necessary to survive and reproduce, including finding food, avoiding predators, locating mates, caring for offspring, etc.

Evolutionary Selection Criteria

  • Criteria for selection focus on both animal survival and reproduction.
  • Factors influencing behavioral traits necessary for survival and reproduction include:
  • Collaborating.
  • Handling competition.
  • Finding a mate.
  • Escaping predators.
  • Helping off-spring.
  • Finding food.

Memory

  • Memory is the faculty of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
  • When memories form, the brain changes physically.
  • Long-term memory predicts the future based on past experiences.
  • Short-term memory aids in deciding whether to return to a favorable or unfavorable location.
  • The ability to remember makes the difference between life and death.

Decision Making

  • A process involving repeating the cycle of sensing the environment, sensing oneself, deciding, and then carrying out the action

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Animal Cognition Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in biology and genetics. This quiz covers topics such as nucleotides in RNA, DNA structure, living organisms' characteristics, and evolutionary hypotheses. Sharpen your understanding of essential biological principles with these questions.

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