Biology and Biochemistry Year-End Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

Packaging cellular products

Detoxifying hydrogen peroxide

Storing DNA

Making proteins (correct)

Which process generates the majority of ATP within a cell?

Oxidative Phosphorylation (correct)

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle

Fermentation

Where does glycolysis occur within the cell?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm (correct)

Nucleus

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

Functions as the final electron acceptor Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the Krebs Cycle?

2 ATP and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the cell membrane enables it to function effectively?

Phospholipid bilayer Signup and view all the answers

Which component does not contain ribosomes?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cellular respiration does not require oxygen?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Package cellular products Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms between amino acids to create proteins?

Peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which level of protein structure involves the sequence of amino acids?

Primary structure Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the complexity of a protein's structure during denaturation?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of enzymes?

They lower the activation energy of reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of triglycerides composed of?

Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid tails Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an isomer of glucose?

Fructose Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during a neutralization reaction?

Salts and water are produced Signup and view all the answers

Which type of acid-base interaction involves proton donors?

Acids Signup and view all the answers

What is created when glucose and fructose combine?

Sucrose Signup and view all the answers

What structural features are characteristic of lipid molecules?

Glycerol backbone and long fatty acid chains Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about osmosis is correct?

Water moves from an area of low concentration to high concentration of solutes. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes active transport from passive transport?

Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of RNA polymerase?

To transcribe DNA into RNA. Signup and view all the answers

How are homozygous and heterozygous genotypes defined?

Homozygous has identical alleles; heterozygous has different alleles. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a covalent bond?

It involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during mitosis?

Two identical daughter cells are produced. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about isotopes?

Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons but the same atomic number. Signup and view all the answers

Which description of the periodic table is correct?

The mass number includes both protons and neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is common to all macronutrients?

They are organic materials that contain carbon. Signup and view all the answers

In translation, what role do ribosomes play?

They assemble amino acids into proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process where ATP is generated called?

Cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

If you put cell into hypertonic/hyperosmotic/concentrated solution, water rushes out and the cell

Shrivels Signup and view all the answers

If you put cell into hypotonic/hypoosmotic/dilute solution, water rushed in and the cell

Swells Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the basic process?

DNA is transcribed into RNA Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientific Method

Hypotheses are formed from observations and are tested experimentally.

Parts of the Cell

Cell Membrane: Composed of lipids and proteins; structured as a phospholipid bilayer.
Ribosomes: Built from RNA and proteins; essential for protein synthesis; found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes lipids and lacks ribosomes.
Nucleus: Houses DNA; messenger RNA is transcribed from DNA and exits through nuclear envelope pores to be translated into proteins.
Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouse of the cell; produces most ATP; contains its own DNA for independent replication.
Golgi Apparatus: Packages cellular products into vesicles for transport.
Peroxisomes: Detoxify hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

ATP Production

Cellular Respiration: Comprises three stages—Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation.
- Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm, converts glucose to 2 pyruvate, produces 2 net ATP, and is anaerobic.
- Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Takes place in mitochondria, generates 2 ATP, and requires oxygen.
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: Produces 34 ATP via the electron transport chain (ETC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane; oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor.
Cyanide is lethal as it disrupts the ETC, preventing ATP production.

Types of Particle Movement

Simple Diffusion: Movement of fat-soluble substances across the cell membrane without energy.
Facilitated Diffusion: Water-soluble substances move via protein channels (e.g., Na+ channels) without energy.
Active Transport: Movement against the concentration gradient from low to high concentration, requiring ATP (e.g., Sodium/Potassium pump).
Osmosis: Water diffuses towards charged particles; cell behavior varies in hypertonic and hypotonic solutions.

Genetics

Transcription: DNA is converted to RNA by RNA polymerase; RNA is translated into proteins by ribosomes.
Base Pair Rules: Guanine pairs with cytosine; adenine pairs with thymine (uracil replaces thymine in RNA).
Mutation: Point mutation refers to random changes in the DNA sequence.
Genotype vs. Phenotype: Homozygous is represented as AA or aa; heterozygous as Aa; genotype is the genetic representation, while phenotype is the observable trait.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis: Results in two identical daughter cells.
Meiosis: Produces two daughter cells with half the genetic information, occurring in sex cells for reproduction.

Biochemistry Basics

Subatomic Particles:
- Protons: Positively charged, found in the nucleus.
- Neutrons: Neutral, also located in the nucleus.
- Electrons: Negatively charged, orbit in shells around the nucleus.

Periodic Table Essentials

Atomic Number: Represents the number of protons in an element.
Mass Number: Sum of protons and neutrons.
Atomic Mass: Average mass of all isotopes of an element.
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element that differ in neutron count.
Valence Electrons: Outer electrons significant in chemical reactions.

Types of Chemical Bonds

Covalent Bonds: Involve sharing of electrons to form molecules.
Ionic Bonds: Result from the transfer of electrons, forming ions.

Macronutrients

Proteins: Composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; glycine is the simplest amino acid.
Protein Structures:
- Primary: Sequence of amino acids.
- Secondary: Folding into alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet.
- Tertiary: Further folding into a 3D structure.
- Quaternary: Combination of multiple polypeptide chains.
Enzymes: Proteins that lower activation energy and accelerate reactions; can denature due to heat or acids.

Lipids

Triglycerides: Composed of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails.
Cholesterol: A lipid that serves as the foundation for steroid hormones.

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides: Includes glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Disaccharides: Comprise sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose (glucose + glucose), and lactose (glucose + galactose).
Isomers: Molecules with identical atom counts but differing arrangements, e.g., fructose and glucose.

Acid/Base Chemistry

Acids: Proton donors that release H+ ions in solution.
Bases: Proton acceptors that bind H+ ions.
Neutralization Reaction: Combines an acid and base to form salt and water, achieving neutrality.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts from biology and biochemistry, focusing on the scientific method, cell structure, and functions. Test your knowledge on the various components of the cell and their roles. A great way to review before the year-end exams!