Biology 2401 Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is anatomy?

The science of structure.

What is physiology?

The structure of function and how organisms function.

What are the five characteristics that distinguish living from non-living forms?

Growth, metabolism, reproduction, excretion, movement.

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Changing the structure of something will alter the functions, and vice versa. Signup and view all the answers

Name in sequence the six levels of organization in the human body starting from the simplest.

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. Signup and view all the answers

Define homeostasis.

The existence of a stable internal environment. Signup and view all the answers

How is homeostasis maintained in the body?

Through various regulatory mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback mechanisms? Give examples of each.

Negative feedback mechanisms negate the stimulus (e.g., regulation of blood sugar levels), while positive feedback mechanisms amplify the stimulus (e.g., childbirth). Signup and view all the answers

What does the integumentary system do?

Protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, and provides sensory information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the skeletal system?

Provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and minerals, and forms blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What does the muscular system do?

Provides movement, protection, support for other tissues, and generates heat. Signup and view all the answers

Define cytology.

The study of individual cells. Signup and view all the answers

Define histology.

The study of tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP?

Cellular energy. Signup and view all the answers

Define auto-regulation.

Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ. Signup and view all the answers

What is an extrinsic regulation?

Responses controlled by the nervous and endocrine system. Signup and view all the answers

What does pathology refer to?

Disruption in homeostasis or the condition of any one level of organization produced by disease. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in vasodilation?

Blood vessels get bigger. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in vasoconstriction?

Blood vessels get smaller. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements are essential for human life? (Select all that apply)

Carbon Signup and view all the answers

Human blood has a pH of 6.5.

False Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons can the first energy shell hold?

It can hold up to two electrons. Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons can the second and third shells hold?

It can hold up to eight electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is a valence orbital?

The outermost energy shell. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cation?

A positively charged atom due to the loss of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion due to the gain of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Define a covalent bond.

It is the sharing of electrons and is the strongest type of bond. Signup and view all the answers

Define an ionic bond.

It involves the transfer of electrons, which often results in ions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the pH scale indicate?

Ranges from 0 to 14; below 7 is an acid, above 7 is a base, and 7 is neutral. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Concepts in Biology

Anatomy: The science of structure, encompassing internal and external body structures and the physical relationships among body parts.
Physiology: Examines how organisms function and the processes that enable life.

Characteristics of Life

Living organisms exhibit five key characteristics:
- Growth
- Metabolism
- Reproduction
- Excretion
- Movement

Anatomy and Physiology

The relationship between anatomy and physiology is interdependent; alterations in structure influence function and vice versa.

Levels of Organization

Six levels of organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex:
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism

Homeostasis

Homeostasis refers to a stable internal environment maintained through regulatory mechanisms.

Feedback Mechanisms

Negative Feedback: Reduces or negates the stimulus (e.g., regulation of blood sugar).
Positive Feedback: Amplifies or exaggerates the stimulus (e.g., childbirth).

Body Systems and Their Functions

Integumentary System: Protects against hazards, regulates temperature, provides sensory information (e.g., skin, hair).
Skeletal System: Supports and protects tissues, stores minerals, produces blood cells (e.g., bones, cartilage).
Muscular System: Facilitates movement, supports tissues, generates heat (e.g., skeletal muscles).
Nervous System: Directs responses to stimuli, coordinates activities, provides sensory information (e.g., brain, spinal cord).
Endocrine System: Manages long-term changes, regulates metabolic activities, controls developments (e.g., glands like pancreas).
Cardiovascular System: Distributes heat, blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen (e.g., heart, blood vessels).
Lymphatic System: Defends against infections, returns tissue fluids (e.g., lymph nodes).
Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange, supplies oxygen, removes carbon dioxide (e.g., lungs, trachea).
Digestive System: Processes food, absorbs nutrients, conserves water (e.g., stomach, intestines).
Urinary System: Excretes waste, regulates fluid balance and ion concentration (e.g., kidneys, bladder).
Reproductive System: Produces sex cells and supports embryonic development (e.g., ovaries, testes).

Cell Biology

Cytology: The study of individual cells.
Histology: The study of tissues.
Organelles: Key cell components with specific functions (e.g., nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria).

Atomic Structure

Subatomic Particles:
- Protons: Positive charge, found in the nucleus.
- Neutrons: No charge, found in the nucleus.
- Electrons: Negative charge, located in energy shells.
Atomic Number: Total number of protons in an atom.
Atomic Mass: Sum of protons and neutrons.

Valence Electrons and Bonding

Valence Orbital: Outermost shell determining reactivity; full orbitals lead to stable atoms.
Cation: Positively charged atom; loses electrons.
Anion: Negatively charged atom; gains electrons.
Bond Types:
- Covalent Bond: Strongest bond; sharing electrons (e.g., H2O).
- Ionic Bond: Transfer of electrons leads to charged ions (e.g., NaCl).
- Hydrogen Bond: Weak interaction between molecules.

pH Scale

Ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 being neutral. Human blood maintaining a pH of 7.35-7.45.

Biological Compounds

Carbohydrates:
- Monomers: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose).
- Polymers: Disaccharides, polysaccharides (e.g., starch).
- Function: Immediate energy source.
Lipids:
- Monomers: Glycerol and fatty acids.
- Polymers: Triglycerides, phospholipids.
- Function: Energy storage, hormones, insulation.
Proteins:
- Monomers: Amino acids.
- Function: Structure, transport, enzymes.
Nucleic Acids:
- Monomers: Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base).
- Polymers: DNA, RNA.
- Function: Genetic information storage and protein synthesis.

Anatomical Terminology

Standard Anatomical Position: Body straight, face forward, arms at sides, palms forward.
Directional Terms:
- Superior: Above
- Inferior: Below
- Anterior: Front
- Posterior: Back
- Medial: Closer to midline
- Lateral: Farther from midline
- Proximal: Closer to attachment point (limbs)
- Distal: Farther from attachment point (limbs)
- Superficial: Near surface
- Deep: Farther from surface

Medical Terminology

Terms derived from Latin and Greek to denote body regions (e.g., Cephalon - head, Cervicis - neck).

Important Organelle Functions

Nucleus: Control center of the cell, houses DNA.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, can be fixed or free.
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
- Rough ER: Protein synthesis and transportation.
- Smooth ER: Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis.
Golgi Apparatus: Packs proteins into vesicles.
Mitochondria: Energy production (ATP), abundant in high-energy cells such as muscles.
Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes for waste processing.
Centrioles: Involved in cell division.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Biology 2401. Focused on key terms like anatomy and physiology, this quiz covers essential concepts that distinguish living organisms from non-living forms. Perfect for exam preparation!