Biology 2: Homeostasis
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH) in the HPT axis?

  • To stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
  • To increase blood pressure
  • To bind with receptors on the cell membrane of the anterior pituitary gland (correct)
  • To promote the growth of tissues

    • What is the role of Triiodothyronine (T3) in the body?

  • To stimulate the growth of tissues (correct)
  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To increase body temperature
  • To trigger the secretion of digestive juice

    • What is the response of the thyroid gland when body temperature is low?

  • It regulates blood pressure
  • It triggers the secretion of digestive juice
  • It decreases the production of thyroid hormones
  • It increases the production of thyroid hormones to burn glucose and heat up the body (correct)

    • What is the function of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in the HPT axis?

    <p>To stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do thyroid hormones bind in the cell to influence gene transcription?

    <p>In the cell nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anterior pituitary gland in the HPT axis?

    <p>To stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of thyroid hormones in the body?

    <p>To stimulate the growth of tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland in the HPT axis?

    <p>The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release TRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucagon on glycogen?

    <p>Convert glycogen to glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on glucose conversion?

    <p>Convert glucose to glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Insulin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Glucose in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to glucose in the blood after a carbohydrate meal in diabetes mellitus?

    <p>It becomes very high in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on glucose conversion to fat?

    <p>Increases glucose conversion to fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe actions that correct changes in a factor?

    <p>Corrective actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of impulses are used by the nervous system in homeostatic control?

    <p>Electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in homeostatic control?

    <p>To receive and process information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gland is the posterior pituitary?

    <p>Extension of the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the posterior pituitary hormones?

    <p>To store and release neurohormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in regulating anterior pituitary hormones?

    <p>To use releasing or inhibiting hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of prolactin-inhibiting hormone?

    <p>To inhibit the anterior pituitary from secreting prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What processes are controlled by hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Metabolism, osmoregulation, and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?

    <p>To regulate body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of too much T3 and T4 on the hypothalamus?

    <p>It decreases the production of hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the breakdown of glucose to produce more ATP?

    <p>Calorigenic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thyroid gland in the HPT axis?

    <p>To produce T3 and T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of negative feedback on metabolism?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between body temperature and T3 and T4?

    <p>T3 and T4 increase body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anterior pituitary gland in the HPT axis?

    <p>To produce TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the control of body temperature?

    <p>Thermoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of homeostasis in living organisms?

    <p>To maintain internal conditions near constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a physiological factor controlled by homeostasis in mammals?

    <p>Muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in hormone regulation?

    <p>To regulate the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body returns to a stable state after a change?

    <p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in blood glucose regulation?

    <p>To decrease blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glucagon in blood glucose regulation?

    <p>To increase blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Type 1 is caused by insulin deficiency, while type 2 is caused by insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cyclic AMP as a second messenger in blood glucose regulation?

    <p>To amplify the signal of glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment for life functions despite changes in the external environment.
    • Physiological factors controlled in mammals include:
      • Core body temperature
      • Metabolic wastes (e.g. carbon dioxide and urea)
      • Blood pH
      • Blood glucose concentration
      • Water potential of the blood
      • Concentrations of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the blood
    • Homeostasis involves corrective actions that correct or reverse changes in these factors.

    Homeostatic Control

    • There are two coordination systems in mammals that are involved in homeostatic control:
      • Nervous system (electrical impulses)
      • Endocrine system (chemical messengers)

    Structure of Homeostasis

    • The hypothalamus receives information from nerves, processes it, and sends signals to the pituitary gland.
    • The pituitary gland is located at the base of the hypothalamus and synthesizes and secretes hormones in response to hormones from the hypothalamus.
    • The posterior pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus and secretes neurohormones synthesized in the hypothalamus.
    • The anterior pituitary is an endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes hormones in response to hormones from the hypothalamus.

    Posterior Pituitary Hormones

    • Two posterior pituitary hormones are:
      • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
      • Oxytocin
    • These neurohormones are stored and released in response to nerve impulses transmitted by the hypothalamus.

    Anterior Pituitary Hormones

    • Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary control diverse processes in the human body, including:
      • Metabolism
      • Osmoregulation
      • Reproduction
    • Hypothalamus regulates each set of hormones by using releasing or inhibiting hormones on the anterior pituitary gland.

    Thyroid Regulation

    • Thyroid regulation involves the HPT axis, which includes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland.
    • The hypothalamus produces thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
    • TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).
    • Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

    Thermoregulation

    • Thermoregulation is the control of body temperature, which involves both the nervous and endocrine systems.
    • The hypothalamus is the central control for body temperature.
    • When the body temperature is too low, the thyroid gland increases the production of thyroid hormones, which leads to an increase in metabolism and heat production.

    Blood Glucose Regulation

    • Blood glucose regulation involves the balance between insulin and glucagon.
    • Insulin:
      • Converts glucose to glycogen
      • Increases the rate of glucose conversion to glycogen
      • "Traps" glucose into cells
      • Increases the rate of glucose conversion to fat and stored in adipose tissue
    • Glucagon:
      • Converts glycogen to glucose
      • Increases the rate of gluconeogenesis

    Diabetes

    • Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels.
    • There are two types of diabetes:
      • Type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes):
        • Beta cells do not produce insulin
        • Viral infection, autoimmune response, and genetics are risk factors
      • Type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes):
        • Insulin is produced, but target cells do not respond to it adequately
        • Obesity, genetic link, and a diet high in sugars are risk factors
    • Symptoms of diabetes include:
      • High glucose levels in the blood and urine
      • Increased hunger and thirst
      • Frequent urination

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    Description

    Quiz on homeostasis, covering principles, examples, and its role in mammals. Includes topics on dwarfism and giantism.

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