Biology Chapter on Homeostasis and Elements
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason organisms maintain homeostasis?

  • To facilitate evolution over time
  • To ensure reproduction within species
  • To adapt to new environments
  • To survive under diverse conditions (correct)

Which of the following elements make up 96% of the mass of the human body?

  • Helium, Carbon, Oxygen, and Iron
  • Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen (correct)
  • Carbon, Nitrogen, Helium, and Hydrogen
  • Oxygen, Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

What defines a population in ecological terms?

  • A group of individuals of the same species living together (correct)
  • The total number of species in a geographic area
  • All living organisms and nonliving components in an area
  • Different species interacting in a specific area

When is an atom considered most stable?

<p>When its valence shell is filled with electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do trace elements play in human physiology?

<p>They are essential for various biochemical processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard unit of volume in the metric system?

<p>Liter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following prefixes in the metric system represents a factor of 1/1000?

<p>Milli- (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scientific experiment, which variable is manipulated by the researcher?

<p>Independent Variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step comes directly after forming a hypothesis in the scientific method?

<p>Designing an experiment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is considered to be quantitative?

<p>Data based on measurements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When writing a hypothesis, which of the following structures is correct?

<p>If condition, then result (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a graduated cylinder?

<p>To measure the volume of liquids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the conclusions drawn from scientific data?

<p>Scientific data can support or refute a hypothesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process converts ADP into ATP?

<p>Phosphorylation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule produces the most ATP when broken down?

<p>Carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the chloroplast contains pigments?

<p>Thylakoid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resulting molecule from the breakdown of ATP?

<p>ADP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy released from ATP breakdown?

<p>It is used for cellular processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants in the overall equation of photosynthesis?

<p>CO2 and H2O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which light property describes light that is taken in by a surface?

<p>Absorbed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?

<p>Stroma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen (B), ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is primarily responsible for absorbing light energy in photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many times must the Calvin Cycle occur to produce one glucose molecule?

<p>6 times (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does NADPH play in the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)?

<p>It provides the energy for sugar synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is known as photolysis during the light-dependent reactions?

<p>Splitting of water molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is used as a low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP?

<p>ADP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants required for the light-dependent reactions?

<p>Sunlight and Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the light-independent reactions take place within a chloroplast?

<p>In the stroma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are known as autotrophs?

<p>Organisms that make their own food using sunlight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of energy is stored in the bonds of ATP?

<p>Chemical energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results when an atom loses an electron?

<p>It becomes a cation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond forms when two atoms share pairs of electrons unequally?

<p>Polar covalent bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of passive transport?

<p>Moves down concentration gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of diffusion do transport proteins play a crucial role?

<p>Facilitated diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a molecule?

<p>Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

<p>It shrinks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during a hydrolysis reaction?

<p>Polymers are broken down by adding water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is a carbohydrate?

<p>Glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of endocytosis primarily responsible for?

<p>Uptake of liquid or large molecules into a cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is primarily responsible for the cohesion of water molecules?

<p>Hydrogen bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes osmosis?

<p>Movement of water from high to low solute concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about active transport is true?

<p>It moves substances up a concentration gradient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural arrangement is NOT found in carbon-based molecules?

<p>Circular chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a receptor in cellular communication?

<p>To detect and bind specific signal molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process builds a polymer chain from monomers?

<p>Dehydration reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?

<p>To provide energy for various cellular activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a solute in a solution?

<p>It is the substance being dissolved. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes phagocytosis from pinocytosis?

<p>Phagocytosis involves uptake of solid particles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of an anion?

<p>Negative charge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model describes the structure and behavior of cell membranes?

<p>Fluid Mosaic Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Volume

The amount of space an object or liquid occupies.

Length

A measure of how long something is or how far apart things are.

Mass

The quantity of matter in an object.

Scientific Theory

A scientific idea that has a great deal of supporting evidence, but may be changed with new information.

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Hypothesis

A statement that predicts the relationship between variables in an experiment.

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Data

Information gathered during an experiment.

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Quantitative Data

Data that is based on numerical measurements.

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Qualitative Data

Data that is based on general observations and descriptions.

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What is Homeostasis?

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism, despite external changes.

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What is an Adaptation?

A beneficial inherited trait passed to future generations that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.

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What is Evolution?

The change in living things over long periods, driven by natural selection.

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What is a Community?

A group of different species living in the same geographic area.

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What are the four main elements in the human body?

The four elements that make up the largest percentage of the human body are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

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Passive Transport

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input.

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Diffusion

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

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Osmosis

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion of molecules across a cell membrane through transport proteins.

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Isotonic Solution

A solution that has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution that has more solutes than the cell.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution that has fewer solutes than the cell.

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Active Transport

Energy requiring movement of molecules from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.

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Endocytosis

Uptake of liquids or large molecules into a cell by inward folding movement of the cell membrane.

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Exocytosis

Release of liquids or large molecules out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

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Isotope

A variation in the number of neutrons within the nucleus of an atom, changing its atomic mass but not its atomic number.

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Anion

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains one or more electrons.

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Cation

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.

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Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms.

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Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms, resulting in no net charge.

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Polar Covalent Bond

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, resulting in a slightly positive and slightly negative end.

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Hydrogen Bond

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom, often oxygen or nitrogen.

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Dehydration Reaction

A chemical reaction where two monomers join together through the loss of a water molecule, forming a polymer.

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Hydrolysis Reaction

A chemical reaction where a polymer is broken down into monomers by the addition of a water molecule.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which organisms use light as an energy source to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules.

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Stroma

The fluid that surrounds the grana inside the chloroplasts.

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Grana

Stacks of thylakoids.

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Thylakoids

Sacs enclosed by membranes that contain pigments.

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Pigments

Molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight.

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Chlorophyll

The most common pigment in chloroplasts.

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Wavelength

The distance between the crests of two adjacent waves.

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Photon

A fixed quantity of light energy.

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Photolysis

The splitting of water molecules to replace lost electrons.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane that help transfer energized electrons.

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What is ADP?

A low energy molecule that can be converted into ATP. It plays a crucial role in energy transfer within cells.

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What is phosphorylation?

The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, often ADP to create ATP. It requires energy input.

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What is dephosphorylation?

The breakdown of ATP into ADP and a phosphate group, releasing stored energy. It is a key supplier of energy to power cellular processes.

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What are the main energy sources in food, and which provides the most energy?

Carbohydrates and lipids are the primary sources of energy for our bodies. Carbohydrates, especially glucose, are the most easily broken down and provide a high amount of ATP. We try to avoid breaking down protein for energy.

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What are the 3 main components of a chloroplast?

The thylakoid, stroma, and grana. The thylakoid is a flattened disc-like structure where light-dependent reactions occur. Stroma is the fluid-filled space where the Calvin cycle takes place. Grana are stacks of thylakoids.

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Where are photosynthetic pigments located?

The reaction center of the photosynthetic process. They are located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. They capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy.

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What is the role of pigments in leaf color?

Pigments absorb specific wavelengths of light. A leaf appears green because it reflects green wavelengths while absorbing other colors. In the fall, as chlorophyll breaks down, other pigments become visible, causing the change in color.

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What is the overall balanced equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. This summarizes the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are used in the presence of sunlight to produce glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2).

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Study Notes

Biology 8120: Guideline for 2025 Midterm Studying

  • Intro to Bio
    • Term Sheet: IntroBio (definitions and lists)
  • Metric System
    • Terms: length, volume, and mass
    • Length: a measurement of how long something is or how far apart things are
    • Volume: the amount of space an object or a liquid occupies
    • Mass: the quantity of matter in an object
    • Prefixes of metric units (deci, centi, milli, kilo)
      • King Henry Died [s]unday drinking chocolate milk!
      • Kilo (k): 1,000x
      • Deci (d): 1/10x
      • Centi (c): 1/100x
      • Milli (m): 1/1000x
    • Know the standard units of length, volume, and mass
      • Meter
      • Liter
      • Gram
    • Determine the volume of a liquid in a picture of a graduated cylinder
      • Graduated Cylinder
      • Used to measure the volume of liquids
      • The top plastic ring always stays at the top to prevent breakage if it falls over
    • Determine length of an object in a picture of a metric ruler
      • Metric Ruler
      • Used to measure the length of an object or the distance between two objects/places

Scientific Thinking & Processes

  • Terms: observations, data, quantitative data, qualitative data, variable, independent variable, dependent variable, constants, scientific theory
  • Order of the steps of the scientific method
    • Choose a topic to investigate
    • Form a hypothesis
    • Design an experiment to test the hypothesis
    • Perform the experiment
    • Draw a conclusion from the result
  • Identify quantitative vs qualitative data
    • Quantitative data: numeric measurements (objective, the same, doesn't matter who measures)
    • Qualitative data: based on the quality of an observation (observation with your senses)
  • Identify dependent vs independent variables
    • Independent variable: a condition that is manipulated (should only be one)
    • Dependent variable: experimental data collected through observation and measurements (value is dependent on the independent variable)
  • Write a proper hypothesis using an "If, then" statement
    • Example: "If [change in independent variable], then [change in dependent variable]."

Graphing

  • Terms: 3 different types of graphs (line, bar, circle), type of relationship shown on a line graph (direct, indirect, constant)
  • When each of the 3 different types of graphs (line, bar, circle) should be used
    • Line graph: used when graphing data that shows continuous change (shows relationship between variables; information as a series of points connected to form a line)
    • Bar graph: used when graphing data that are in disconnected groups (show a comparison of multiple objects )
    • Circle/Pie graph: used to compare parts of a whole (full circle represents 100%; included as a title and what each part means)
  • Determine which variable (dependent or independent) is placed on the x-axis and the y-axis
    • Independent variable: placed on the horizontal axis (x-axis)
    • Dependent variable: placed on the vertical axis (y-axis)

Biology: The Scientific Study of Life

  • Organisms

    • Biology: scientific study of life
    • Organism: an individual living thing
    • Biosphere: all living things and the parts of Earth and the atmosphere where they exist
    • Biodiversity: variety of life
    • Species: one type of organism able to reproduce and create fertile offspring
    • Cell: basic unit of life
    • Energy
    • Metabolism: chemical processes that build up or break down materials

  • Heterotrophs(Consumers):organisms that eat other living or once-living things

  • Autotrophs (Producers): organisms that get energy from non-living resources

  • Levels of Organization in Biology

    • Ecosystem - all living and non-living things in a habitat

  • Community -group of different species living together in an ecosystem

  • Population - group of the same species living in the same ecosystem

  • Reproduction- process of creating a new organism

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Biology 8120 Guideline for 2025 Midterm Studying PDF

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Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts related to homeostasis, essential elements in the human body, and ecological populations. This quiz covers key topics that are crucial for understanding biology and human physiology.

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