Biology 101: Microscopy and Scientific Method
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the body tube in a compound light microscope?

  • It acts as the stage for the slide.
  • It holds the objective lenses. (correct)
  • It magnifies the image further.
  • It regulates the amount of light passing through the specimen.

Which part of the microscope would you adjust to fine-tune the focus when observing a specimen at high power?

  • Fine Adjustment Knob (correct)
  • Diaphragm
  • Coarse Adjustment Knob
  • Stage Clips

What is the total magnification when using a 10x ocular lens and a 40x objective lens?

  • 400x (correct)
  • 100x
  • 40x
  • 1000x

Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?

<p>Conduct a survey (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an ultracentrifuge in cell biology?

<p>To separate organelles based on density (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data is based on numerical measurements?

<p>Quantitative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between millimeters and micrometers?

<p>1 mm = 1000 µm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When writing a hypothesis, what is the most important aspect to keep in mind?

<p>It should be a specific statement about the expected outcome of the experiment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osmosis in cells?

<p>To equalize solute concentrations on both sides of a membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell when it is placed in salt water?

<p>Water leaves the cell, resulting in shrinkage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the contractile vacuole play in a cell?

<p>To regulate water levels by removing excess water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines homeostasis?

<p>The process of maintaining stable internal conditions despite external changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following life functions is related to the elimination of waste products?

<p>Excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and secreting cellular products?

<p>Golgi Complex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell division produces two identical daughter cells?

<p>Mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell?

<p>Metaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of diffusion?

<p>Requires energy input (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for generating energy for the cell?

<p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a cell wall in plant cells?

<p>Support and protection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a phase of mitosis?

<p>Exophase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between smooth ER and rough ER?

<p>Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it, while smooth ER does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the presence of glucose when tested?

<p>An orange color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to water when a cell is placed in salt water?

<p>Water exits the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color does iodine turn when starch is present?

<p>Blue-black (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is too large to exit the cell?

<p>Starch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demonstrated that glucose moved from inside the cell to the outside?

<p>Test Tube A turned orange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport requires energy (ATP) to move molecules?

<p>Active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the color of the surrounding water after the cell sat for 15/20 minutes?

<p>Amber (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance was used to test for the presence of starch in the cell?

<p>Iodine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrate is formed when two monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis?

<p>Disaccharide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes homozygous traits?

<p>Traits where both alleles are the same (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of genetics, what does phenotype refer to?

<p>The observable characteristics of an organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept explains that alleles for different traits are inherited independently?

<p>Law of Independent Assortment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes hydrolysis in carbohydrates?

<p>Disaccharides break down into monosaccharides with water addition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the combination of an amino acid with another amino acid?

<p>Dipeptide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes codominance in genetics?

<p>Two dominant alleles are expressed simultaneously (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when a dipeptide undergoes hydrolysis?

<p>Two amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of crossing over during the first meiotic division?

<p>Rearrangement of linked genes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic disorder is characterized by an inability to metabolize phenylalanine?

<p>Phenylketonuria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA carries the genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosome?

<p>mRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary sugar found in DNA?

<p>Deoxyribose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during DNA replication?

<p>Each strand serves as a template for a new DNA molecule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of genetic variability, what role do multiple alleles play?

<p>They control traits with more than 2 allele types. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What visual appearance is assessed in karyotyping?

<p>The number and visual appearance of chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of RNA differ from DNA?

<p>RNA features ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ocular

The part of the microscope you look through that magnifies the image.

Stage

The platform where you place the microscope slide.

Diaphragm

The part that controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.

Low Power Objective

The lens with a magnification of usually 10x.

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High Power Objective

The lens with a magnification of usually 100x or greater.

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Hypothesis

The educated guess you make about the outcome of an experiment.

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Quantitative Data

Observations that can be measured in numbers.

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Qualitative Data

Observations that are descriptive and not numerical.

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Cytokinesis

The process where the cytoplasm divides, creating two identical daughter cells.

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Mitosis

The process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.

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Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.

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Prophase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes are visible, the nuclear membrane disappears, and the spindle fibers form.

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Interphase

The stage before mitosis, where the cell grows, carries out metabolism, and duplicates its chromosomes.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Active Transport

The process of transporting molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Osmosis

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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Indicator

A substance that changes color in the presence of a specific substance. It signals the presence of a particular molecule.

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Iodine

A substance that turns blue-black in the presence of starch, used to detect starch.

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Benedict's Solution

A solution that turns orange in the presence of glucose (a sugar). It is used to detect glucose.

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Equilibrium

The diffusion of molecules across a cell membrane occurs until the concentration of the molecules is equal on both sides of the membrane.

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Movement out of the cell

The movement of molecules from inside the cell to outside the cell.

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Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism, despite changes in the external environment.

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Respiration

The process that produces energy in the mitochondria using glucose and oxygen.

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Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism, including those that build up and break down molecules.

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What is a Monosaccharide?

A single sugar unit; the simplest form of carbohydrate.

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What is a Disaccharide?

Two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis.

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What is a Polysaccharide?

A complex carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides linked together.

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What is Dehydration Synthesis?

The process of removing a water molecule to join two monomers, forming a larger molecule.

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What is Hydrolysis?

The process of adding a water molecule to break a bond between two monomers, separating them.

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What is a Protein?

A long chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

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What is a Genotype?

The genetic make-up of an individual.

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What is a Phenotype?

The physical characteristics of an individual; what you see.

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Crossing Over

A process that occurs during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange segments, leading to genetic variation in offspring.

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Multiple Alleles

Traits controlled by more than two different alleles, resulting in a wider range of possible phenotypes.

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Sex Determination

The determination of an individual's sex based on the presence of specific sex chromosomes (XX for female, XY for male).

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Karyotyping

The organized display of an organism's chromosomes, revealing their number and structure.

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Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A genetic disorder where the body lacks the enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine, leading to its accumulation and potential neurological damage.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

A genetic disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin and sickle-shaped red blood cells, causing impaired oxygen transport and potential health complications.

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Tay-Sachs

A genetic disorder affecting the nervous system, caused by the inability to synthesize a specific enzyme, leading to the accumulation of fatty material and nerve damage.

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DNA

The molecular basis of heredity that carries specific instructions for an organism's characteristics.

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DNA Replication

The process of replicating DNA, creating two identical copies before cell division.

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mRNA (Messenger RNA)

A type of RNA that carries the message from DNA to the ribosome, where protein synthesis takes place.

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tRNA (Transfer RNA)

A type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome to build proteins based on the instructions encoded in mRNA.

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Study Notes

Mid-Term Review Packet

  • Date: January 23rd, 2025
  • Time: 12:30 pm

The Microscope

  • Ocular: The eyepiece, used to view the magnified image.
  • Body Tube: Holds the lenses in place.
  • Nosepiece: Rotates the objective lenses.
  • Stage: Platform for holding the specimen slide.
  • Stage Clips: Holds the slide in place on the stage.
  • Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.
  • Light Source: Provides light to illuminate the specimen.
  • Arm: Used to carry the microscope.
  • Base: Supports the microscope.
  • Coarse Adjustment Knob: Used for initial focusing (low power).
  • Fine Adjustment Knob: Used for precise focusing (high power).
  • High Power Objective: Higher magnification power compared to low power.
  • Low Power Objective: Lower magnification power compared to high power.
  • Total Magnification: Ocular Lens magnification x Objective Lens magnification. (e.g., 10x ocular x 40x objective = 400x total magnification).

Field of View (FOV)

  • FOV: The area visible through the microscope.
  • Units: Measured in millimeters, micrometers, or even in microns
    • 1 mm = 1000 μm
    • 1 μm = 1/1000 mm
  • Calculating Size of Object: FOV / Number of Objects = Size

Scientific Method

  • Steps:
    1. Identify the Question/Problem 1a. Research the Problem
    2. Form a Hypothesis
    3. Design an Experiment
    4. Collect Data
    5. Organize and Analyze Data
    6. Form a Conclusion
    7. Future Experiments

Independent and Dependent Variables

  • Independent Variable: The variable that is changed or controlled by the experimenter.
  • Dependent Variable: The variable that is measured or observed, and changes in response to the independent variable.

Graphing

  • Title: Short, descriptive title of the graph.
  • Axis Labels: Clearly label the x-axis (independent variable) and y-axis (dependent variable).
  • Scale: Each block on the graph should have a consistent number or increment. Always start at zero.
  • Key: Use a key if multiple datasets are plotted.

Cell Theory and Exceptions

  • Cell Theory:
    • All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
    • Cells are the basic unit of life.
    • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
  • Exceptions:
    • Viruses are not considered alive and not made of cells.
    • Organelles (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts) contain their own DNA and divide independently.

Cell Organelles

  • Organelles: Structures within cells that carry out specific functions.
  • Cell Membrane: Regulates the movement of materials in and out of the cell.
  • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance that fills the cell and transports materials.
  • Nucleus: Controls cellular activities and contains genetic material (DNA).

ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS

  • Centrioles: Involved in cell division.
  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials.

ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

  • Chloroplasts: Perform photosynthesis.
  • Cell Wall: Provides support and protection to the cell.
  • Large Vacuole: Stores water and other substances.

Mitosis

  • Mitosis: The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
  • Purpose It is for the growth, repair, and reproduction in multicellular organisms.
  • Phases: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

Diffusion and Active Transport

  • Diffusion: Passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
  • Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) to move particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

Osmosis

  • Osmosis: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Lab: Observing Diffusion Through a Membrane

  • Iodine (color) indicator for Starch
  • Benedict's solution indicator for Glucose.
  • Observations and Conclusions were drawn from the experiment, regarding the movement of Iodine and Glucose in the presence of water.

Cloning and Selective Breeding

  • Cloning process of creating genetically identical organisms.
  • Selective Breeding: Process of choosing individuals with desirable traits to breed those traits. "Artificial Selection" results in the desired traits being present in the next generation.

Recombinant DNA Technology

  • Restriction Enzymes: Cut DNA at specific sites.
  • Plasmids: Circular DNA used to carry genes to be transferred to bacteria.
  • Recombinant DNA: Combines DNA from different sources to create new genetic material.

Gel Electrophoresis

  • Technique used to separate DNA fragments by size.
  • Applications: Crime scenes, paternity testing, genetic research.

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Biology Mid-Term Review 2025 PDF

Description

This quiz tests your knowledge of microscopy techniques and the scientific method. It covers key concepts such as microscope parts, magnification calculations, data types, and hypothesis formulation. Perfect for students studying introductory biology or laboratory skills.

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