Microscopy and the Scientific Method Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the scientific method?

  • Collect Data/Analyze Results
  • Communicate Results
  • Form Hypothesis
  • Identify problem (correct)

In Reed's experiment, what was the main variable he was investigating regarding yellow fever?

  • The living conditions of volunteers
  • The treatments for yellow fever
  • The amount of time spent in isolation
  • The presence of mosquitoes (correct)

Which of the following is an example of a control in an experiment?

  • Volunteers living with yellow fever patients
  • Variable group exposed to mosquitoes
  • Group that was isolated from sick patients (correct)
  • Sick patients’ bed sheets

What is a hypothesis?

<p>A potential solution to a problem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes characteristics that enable an organism to survive in changing environments?

<p>Adaptations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of experiment involves changing only one factor at a time?

<p>Controlled experiment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a 'theory' in scientific terms?

<p>A widely accepted explanation supported by evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of a variable in an experiment?

<p>A factor that can influence experimental results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the cell in diagram '3' during the cell cycle?

<p>The chromosomes are aligned at the equatorial plane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process separates sister chromatids during meiosis?

<p>Anaphase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following definitions correctly describes a haploid cell?

<p>Has one set of chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chromosome pair is indicative of a male organism?

<p>XY (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates when a cell is likely to undergo programmed cell death?

<p>Telomere length. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are enzymes primarily classified as?

<p>Proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the purpose of an enzyme's active site?

<p>It is where substrates bind to the enzyme. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key characteristic that differentiates an enzyme from a regular protein?

<p>Enzymes can be used repeatedly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does pH have on enzyme activity?

<p>Enzymes have optimal pH conditions for activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of solution do animal cells tend to undergo shrinking?

<p>Hypertonic solutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

<p>Osmosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport requires cellular energy to move substances against a concentration gradient?

<p>Active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to plant cells placed in a hypotonic solution?

<p>They become turgid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would occur when the cell contents are in a hypertonic environment?

<p>Water leaves the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about enzymes?

<p>All enzymes are carbohydrates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure of the cell is responsible for the assembly of ribosomes?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during endocytosis?

<p>Cells consume large particles from the surroundings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of enzymes?

<p>They work under extreme conditions only. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of yellow fever as determined by the experiment?

<p>Mosquitoes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of organization does a scientist studying the effect of wildfires on grasslands belong to?

<p>Ecosystem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of life is best described by organisms increasing in size and changing shape?

<p>Growth and development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond occurs between carbon atoms in organic compounds?

<p>Covalent bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color indicates a positive test result for proteins using Biuret solution?

<p>Lavender/Purple (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tube serves as the negative control in the glucose test experiment?

<p>Tube 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lipids in biological systems?

<p>Cell membrane component and long-term energy storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples correctly lists a disaccharide?

<p>Sucrose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a polymer during hydrolysis?

<p>It splits into monomers using water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of energy, how do amino acids function in the body?

<p>They serve as building blocks for proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in human systems?

<p>Storing genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy provided by carbohydrates?

<p>Immediate energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organic indicator tests for lipids?

<p>Paper bag test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypothesis

A possible explanation for a set of observations.

Variable

A factor that can influence the results of an experiment.

Theory

A hypothesis that has been supported many times by different types of evidence.

Organism

Any living thing.

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Species

Any group of organisms that can interbreed.

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Adaptations

Features that allow an organism to survive changing environments.

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Control

Part of an experiment without a variable.

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Controlled experiment

An experimental setup where only one factor is altered at a time.

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Mitosis

The process by which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and divides into two daughter cells that are genetically identical.

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Metaphase

A phase in mitosis where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

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Anaphase

A phase in mitosis where the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.

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Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm of a cell following mitosis, forming two daughter cells.

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Telophase

A phase in mitosis where the chromosomes reach the opposite ends of the cell and the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes.

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What causes Yellow Fever?

Yellow fever is a viral disease spread by mosquitos.

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How was the hypothesis tested?

The scientists set up two groups of volunteers: one protected from mosquitos and one not. The unprotected group got yellow fever, while the protected one didn't.

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What were the results of the experiment?

The results showed a clear correlation between mosquito bites and developing yellow fever.

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What did the experiment conclude?

The experiment concluded that mosquitos are responsible for spreading yellow fever.

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Population

The level of organization that focuses on a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area and interacting with each other.

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Ecosystem

The level of organization that encompasses all living organisms and their interactions with their non-living environment within a particular area.

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Organ System

The level of organisation that refers to a collection of similar tissues working together to perform a specific function.

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Tissue

The level of organization that refers to a structural unit made of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

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Reproduction

The ability of an organism to produce offspring, ensuring the continuation of its species.

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Response to the Environment

The ability of an organism to react to changes in its environment to maintain life.

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Growth and Development

The process by which an organism increases in size and undergoes specific changes over its lifetime.

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Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down a polymer using water.

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Dehydration Synthesis

The process of building a polymer by removing water.

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Solvent

A substance that dissolves another substance.

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Solute

The substance that is being dissolved.

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What is an enzyme?

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms without being changed itself.

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Active Site

The specific location on an enzyme where a substrate binds.

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Substrate

The molecule that an enzyme acts upon.

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Enzyme-substrate complex

A temporary complex formed when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme.

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Lock and Key Model

The model that describes how an enzyme's active site fits perfectly with the substrate.

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Optimal conditions for enzymes

The rate at which an enzyme works is influenced by factors like temperature and pH.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

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Hypertonic solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

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Hypotonic solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

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Isotonic solution

Two solutions with the same concentration of solutes.

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Active Transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane without requiring energy.

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Endocytosis

The process by which large molecules are engulfed by a cell membrane and brought inside the cell.

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Exocytosis

The process by which large molecules are released from the cell by the fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane.

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Study Notes

Microscopy and the Scientific Method

  • Microscope Parts: (Diagram/Labeling required)
  • Scientific Method Steps: Identifying the problem, forming a hypothesis, designing a controlled experiment, collecting and analyzing data, forming a conclusion, and communicating results.
  • Matching Terms and Definitions: (See matching section for terms)
    • Control: Part of an experiment without a variable
    • Hypothesis: Possible explanation for observations
    • Organism: Any living thing
    • Variable: Factor influencing experimental results
    • Theory: Supported hypothesis, backed by multiple pieces of evidence
    • Species: Group of organisms capable of interbreeding
    • Adaptations: Features allowing survival in changing environments
    • Controlled Experiment: One factor is changed at a time

Yellow Fever Scientific Inquiry

  • Problem: What causes yellow fever?
  • Hypothesis: Yellow fever is spread by mosquitos.
  • Experimental Procedure: Two groups of volunteers – one exposed to mosquitos, the other protected, with similar living conditions.
  • Results: Those bitten by mosquitoes developed yellow fever.
  • Conclusion: Yellow fever is spread by mosquitos.

Levels of Biological Organization

  • Butterfly Migration: Population
  • Wildfires: Ecosystem
  • Stomach Ulcers: Organ
  • Hormone Levels: Organ System
  • Climate Change: Ecosystem

Characteristics of Life

  • Reproduction: Continuation of the species (Unicellular or multicellular)
  • Composed of cells: Unicellular or multicellular
  • Adaptation: Adjusting to the environment
  • Response to the Environment: Reaction to stimuli
  • Energy Use: Used for growth and maintenance
  • Growth and Development: Increase in size and shape change

Carbon's Bonding Properties

  • Bonds: Carbon can form four bonds and create long chains, double and triple bonds, and ringed molecules.

Types of Chemical Bonds

  • Covalent Bonds: Between carbon atoms in organic compounds
  • Ionic Bonds: The attraction between Na⁺ and Cl⁻
  • Peptide Bonds: Between amino acids
  • Hydrogen Bonds: Hold strands of DNA together (between bases)

Organic Indicators

  • Benedict's Solution: Tests for simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides and disaccharides)

    • Initial Color: Light blue/Turquoise
    • Positive Test: Orange/Red

  • Biuret Solution: Tests for proteins

    • Initial Color: Blue
    • Positive Test: Lavender/Purple

  • Iodine: Tests for starch

    • Initial Color: Amber/Brown
    • Positive Test: Blue/Black

  • Paper Bag Test: Tests for lipids

Glucose Test

  • Negative Control: Tube #3 (Water + Benedict's). Shows what happens when there's no glucose.
  • Positive Control: Tube #4 (Glucose + Water + Benedict's). Shows what a positive result looks like.
  • Conclusion: Tube #2 contained glucose; Tube #1 did not.

Types of Compounds and Definitions

  • Organic Compound: Contains carbon
  • Inorganic Compound: Lacks carbon
  • Solution: Uniform mixture
  • Solvent: Dissolving substance
  • Solute: Dissolved substance
  • Monomers: Building blocks of compounds acting as building blocks
  • Polymers: 2 or more monomers linked
  • Hydrolysis: Splitting a polymer using water
  • Dehydration synthesis: Removal of water when forming a polymer
  • pH Scale: Measures hydrogen ion concentration in solutions

Organic Compounds: Summary

Macromolecule Monomer Polymer Main Functions Examples
Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Polysaccharides Main energy source, cell wall support Glucose, Cellulose
Proteins Amino Acid Polypeptide Chain Build tissue, enzymes Keratin, Insulin, Egg White
Lipids Fatty acids & Glycerol Fats (Saturated & Unsaturated) Long-term energy storage, cell membrane component Fats, Oils, Waxes
Nucleic Acids Nucleotide DNA & RNA Store and transfer genetic information DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Amino Acids and Proteins

  • Relationship: Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

Protein Functions

  • Build tissues: Bone and muscle
  • Control reactions: Enzymes
  • Fight disease: Antibodies

Enzyme Role

  • Catalyst: Organic catalyst; speeds up reactions without being changed.

Enzyme Properties

  • Ends with -ase: Most enzymes end in -ase
  • Reusable: Enzymes can be used over and over again
  • Optimal conditions: Have specific conditions for the most effective functions
  • Active site: Substrates bind to the active site
  • Specific to reactions: A particular enzyme can catalyze a specific reaction
  • Proteins: Enzymes are types of proteins

Enzyme Activity Graph

  • pH affects enzyme activity: Enzyme activity rate varies with pH.

Membrane Transport

  • Active Transport: Movement against a concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP)
  • Passive Transport: Movement with the concentration gradient, no energy needed.
  • Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration.
  • Osmosis: Diffusion of water.
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Movement across a membrane using a protein channel but still with the concentration gradient.
  • Exocytosis: Exit of large particles from a cell
  • Endocytosis: Bulk transport of very large molecules into the cell

Cell Membrane Parts

  • Hydrophilic: Water-loving head
  • Hydrophobic: Water-fearing tail

Cellular Components

(See matching section for terms with definitions, no detailed descriptions generated from those bullet points).

Cell Structure Identification

  • Eukaryotes: Presence of a nucleus identifies a cell as eukaryotic.
  • Chromosomes: Chromosomes are found in the nucleus (structure 1).
  • Protein production: Structure 3 (rough endoplasmic reticulum) produces vesicles with proteins.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Structure 3
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Structure 1.

Cell Cycle/Mitosis Order

  • Correct order (numbers 2, 4, 3, 1, 5) needed for the answer.

Cell Cycle Regulation

  • Cyclin concentration: Controls cell division.
  • Telomeres: Indicate when cell division should stop.

Meiosis

  • Anaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs separate.
  • Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate.
  • Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes (2N)
  • Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes (N)
  • Human Chromosomes: 23 pairs
  • Female Chromosomes: XX
  • Male Chromosomes: XY

Nucleic Acids

  • (See matching section)

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