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Questions and Answers
What is the first step in the scientific method?
What is the first step in the scientific method?
In Reed's experiment, what was the main variable he was investigating regarding yellow fever?
In Reed's experiment, what was the main variable he was investigating regarding yellow fever?
Which of the following is an example of a control in an experiment?
Which of the following is an example of a control in an experiment?
What is a hypothesis?
What is a hypothesis?
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Which term describes characteristics that enable an organism to survive in changing environments?
Which term describes characteristics that enable an organism to survive in changing environments?
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What type of experiment involves changing only one factor at a time?
What type of experiment involves changing only one factor at a time?
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What is considered a 'theory' in scientific terms?
What is considered a 'theory' in scientific terms?
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Which statement best describes the concept of a variable in an experiment?
Which statement best describes the concept of a variable in an experiment?
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What characterizes the cell in diagram '3' during the cell cycle?
What characterizes the cell in diagram '3' during the cell cycle?
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Which process separates sister chromatids during meiosis?
Which process separates sister chromatids during meiosis?
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Which of the following definitions correctly describes a haploid cell?
Which of the following definitions correctly describes a haploid cell?
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What chromosome pair is indicative of a male organism?
What chromosome pair is indicative of a male organism?
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What indicates when a cell is likely to undergo programmed cell death?
What indicates when a cell is likely to undergo programmed cell death?
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What are enzymes primarily classified as?
What are enzymes primarily classified as?
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Which statement describes the purpose of an enzyme's active site?
Which statement describes the purpose of an enzyme's active site?
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What is one key characteristic that differentiates an enzyme from a regular protein?
What is one key characteristic that differentiates an enzyme from a regular protein?
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What effect does pH have on enzyme activity?
What effect does pH have on enzyme activity?
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In which type of solution do animal cells tend to undergo shrinking?
In which type of solution do animal cells tend to undergo shrinking?
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Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
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What type of transport requires cellular energy to move substances against a concentration gradient?
What type of transport requires cellular energy to move substances against a concentration gradient?
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What happens to plant cells placed in a hypotonic solution?
What happens to plant cells placed in a hypotonic solution?
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What would occur when the cell contents are in a hypertonic environment?
What would occur when the cell contents are in a hypertonic environment?
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What is a common misconception about enzymes?
What is a common misconception about enzymes?
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What structure of the cell is responsible for the assembly of ribosomes?
What structure of the cell is responsible for the assembly of ribosomes?
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What occurs during endocytosis?
What occurs during endocytosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a property of enzymes?
Which of the following is NOT a property of enzymes?
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What is the main cause of yellow fever as determined by the experiment?
What is the main cause of yellow fever as determined by the experiment?
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Which level of organization does a scientist studying the effect of wildfires on grasslands belong to?
Which level of organization does a scientist studying the effect of wildfires on grasslands belong to?
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Which characteristic of life is best described by organisms increasing in size and changing shape?
Which characteristic of life is best described by organisms increasing in size and changing shape?
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What type of bond occurs between carbon atoms in organic compounds?
What type of bond occurs between carbon atoms in organic compounds?
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What color indicates a positive test result for proteins using Biuret solution?
What color indicates a positive test result for proteins using Biuret solution?
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Which tube serves as the negative control in the glucose test experiment?
Which tube serves as the negative control in the glucose test experiment?
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What is the role of lipids in biological systems?
What is the role of lipids in biological systems?
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Which of the following examples correctly lists a disaccharide?
Which of the following examples correctly lists a disaccharide?
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What happens to a polymer during hydrolysis?
What happens to a polymer during hydrolysis?
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In terms of energy, how do amino acids function in the body?
In terms of energy, how do amino acids function in the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in human systems?
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in human systems?
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What is the main source of energy provided by carbohydrates?
What is the main source of energy provided by carbohydrates?
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Which organic indicator tests for lipids?
Which organic indicator tests for lipids?
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Study Notes
Microscopy and the Scientific Method
- Microscope Parts: (Diagram/Labeling required)
- Scientific Method Steps: Identifying the problem, forming a hypothesis, designing a controlled experiment, collecting and analyzing data, forming a conclusion, and communicating results.
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Matching Terms and Definitions: (See matching section for terms)
- Control: Part of an experiment without a variable
- Hypothesis: Possible explanation for observations
- Organism: Any living thing
- Variable: Factor influencing experimental results
- Theory: Supported hypothesis, backed by multiple pieces of evidence
- Species: Group of organisms capable of interbreeding
- Adaptations: Features allowing survival in changing environments
- Controlled Experiment: One factor is changed at a time
Yellow Fever Scientific Inquiry
- Problem: What causes yellow fever?
- Hypothesis: Yellow fever is spread by mosquitos.
- Experimental Procedure: Two groups of volunteers – one exposed to mosquitos, the other protected, with similar living conditions.
- Results: Those bitten by mosquitoes developed yellow fever.
- Conclusion: Yellow fever is spread by mosquitos.
Levels of Biological Organization
- Butterfly Migration: Population
- Wildfires: Ecosystem
- Stomach Ulcers: Organ
- Hormone Levels: Organ System
- Climate Change: Ecosystem
Characteristics of Life
- Reproduction: Continuation of the species (Unicellular or multicellular)
- Composed of cells: Unicellular or multicellular
- Adaptation: Adjusting to the environment
- Response to the Environment: Reaction to stimuli
- Energy Use: Used for growth and maintenance
- Growth and Development: Increase in size and shape change
Carbon's Bonding Properties
- Bonds: Carbon can form four bonds and create long chains, double and triple bonds, and ringed molecules.
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Covalent Bonds: Between carbon atoms in organic compounds
- Ionic Bonds: The attraction between Na⁺ and Cl⁻
- Peptide Bonds: Between amino acids
- Hydrogen Bonds: Hold strands of DNA together (between bases)
Organic Indicators
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Benedict's Solution: Tests for simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides and disaccharides)
- Initial Color: Light blue/Turquoise
- Positive Test: Orange/Red
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Biuret Solution: Tests for proteins
- Initial Color: Blue
- Positive Test: Lavender/Purple
-
Iodine: Tests for starch
- Initial Color: Amber/Brown
- Positive Test: Blue/Black
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Paper Bag Test: Tests for lipids
Glucose Test
- Negative Control: Tube #3 (Water + Benedict's). Shows what happens when there's no glucose.
- Positive Control: Tube #4 (Glucose + Water + Benedict's). Shows what a positive result looks like.
- Conclusion: Tube #2 contained glucose; Tube #1 did not.
Types of Compounds and Definitions
- Organic Compound: Contains carbon
- Inorganic Compound: Lacks carbon
- Solution: Uniform mixture
- Solvent: Dissolving substance
- Solute: Dissolved substance
- Monomers: Building blocks of compounds acting as building blocks
- Polymers: 2 or more monomers linked
- Hydrolysis: Splitting a polymer using water
- Dehydration synthesis: Removal of water when forming a polymer
- pH Scale: Measures hydrogen ion concentration in solutions
Organic Compounds: Summary
Macromolecule | Monomer | Polymer | Main Functions | Examples |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carbohydrates | Monosaccharide | Polysaccharides | Main energy source, cell wall support | Glucose, Cellulose |
Proteins | Amino Acid | Polypeptide Chain | Build tissue, enzymes | Keratin, Insulin, Egg White |
Lipids | Fatty acids & Glycerol | Fats (Saturated & Unsaturated) | Long-term energy storage, cell membrane component | Fats, Oils, Waxes |
Nucleic Acids | Nucleotide | DNA & RNA | Store and transfer genetic information | DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
Amino Acids and Proteins
- Relationship: Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
Protein Functions
- Build tissues: Bone and muscle
- Control reactions: Enzymes
- Fight disease: Antibodies
Enzyme Role
- Catalyst: Organic catalyst; speeds up reactions without being changed.
Enzyme Properties
- Ends with -ase: Most enzymes end in -ase
- Reusable: Enzymes can be used over and over again
- Optimal conditions: Have specific conditions for the most effective functions
- Active site: Substrates bind to the active site
- Specific to reactions: A particular enzyme can catalyze a specific reaction
- Proteins: Enzymes are types of proteins
Enzyme Activity Graph
- pH affects enzyme activity: Enzyme activity rate varies with pH.
Membrane Transport
- Active Transport: Movement against a concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP)
- Passive Transport: Movement with the concentration gradient, no energy needed.
- Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration.
- Osmosis: Diffusion of water.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Movement across a membrane using a protein channel but still with the concentration gradient.
- Exocytosis: Exit of large particles from a cell
- Endocytosis: Bulk transport of very large molecules into the cell
Cell Membrane Parts
- Hydrophilic: Water-loving head
- Hydrophobic: Water-fearing tail
Cellular Components
(See matching section for terms with definitions, no detailed descriptions generated from those bullet points).
Cell Structure Identification
- Eukaryotes: Presence of a nucleus identifies a cell as eukaryotic.
- Chromosomes: Chromosomes are found in the nucleus (structure 1).
- Protein production: Structure 3 (rough endoplasmic reticulum) produces vesicles with proteins.
- Golgi Apparatus: Structure 3
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Structure 1.
Cell Cycle/Mitosis Order
- Correct order (numbers 2, 4, 3, 1, 5) needed for the answer.
Cell Cycle Regulation
- Cyclin concentration: Controls cell division.
- Telomeres: Indicate when cell division should stop.
Meiosis
- Anaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs separate.
- Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate.
- Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes (2N)
- Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes (N)
- Human Chromosomes: 23 pairs
- Female Chromosomes: XX
- Male Chromosomes: XY
Nucleic Acids
- (See matching section)
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Test your understanding of microscopy and the scientific method with this comprehensive quiz. From identifying parts of a microscope to understanding the steps involved in the scientific process, this quiz will assess your knowledge and application of these fundamental concepts.