Biological Reactions and Molecules Quiz
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Questions and Answers

In the context of cellular respiration, what is the primary function of oxidative phosphorylation?

  • To break the bonds between 6 carbon atoms of glucose, resulting in 6 CO2 molecules.
  • To harness the potential energy released by the oxidation of NADH to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, ultimately contributing to ATP production. (correct)
  • To directly generate ATP from a substrate molecule in an enzymatic reaction.
  • To move hydrogen atom electrons from glucose to oxygen, forming 6 water molecules.

How do enzymes lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur?

  • By breaking the bonds of the substrate molecule directly, without requiring any activation energy.
  • By supplying heat energy to the reaction, making the molecules move faster.
  • By increasing the concentration of reactants, thereby increasing the frequency of collisions.
  • By providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a way in which enzymes reduce the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur?

  • Altering the charge environment around the substrate to induce strain on specific bonds.
  • Altering the shape of the substrate to promote bond breaking.
  • Providing an alternative pathway with a higher activation energy by altering the charge environment. (correct)
  • Bringing reactants closer together and in the correct orientation for optimal interaction.

Which of the following organisms are capable of chemosynthesis, extracting energy from inorganic sources?

<p>Microorganisms found in extreme environments, like volcanoes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>Substrate level phosphorylation is a direct transfer of energy from a substrate molecule to ADP, while oxidative phosphorylation involves a series of redox reactions that generate a proton gradient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. What term describes this relationship?

<p>Antiparallel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA helicase in DNA replication?

<p>Breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the RNA primer in DNA Replication?

<p>To mark the starting point for DNA synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a force that stabilizes the DNA molecule?

<p>Ionic bonds between nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand during DNA replication?

<p>The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in Okazaki fragments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments together?

<p>DNA ligase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of bases is held together by three hydrogen bonds?

<p>Cytosine and guanine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of single-stranded binding proteins (SSBs) in DNA replication?

<p>To prevent the separated strands from re-annealing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between DNA and RNA?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the replication fork in DNA replication?

<p>It is the point where the DNA helix is unwound and the two strands are separated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction uses water to separate a large molecule into two smaller ones?

<p>Hydrolysis reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the oxidizing agent in a redox reaction?

<p>It gains electrons from another atom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is primarily responsible for stabilizing pH in a solution?

<p>Buffers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond connects amino acids in proteins?

<p>Peptide bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is known to have 4 valence electrons and can form covalent bonds with multiple other atoms?

<p>Carbon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of hydrophilic groups?

<p>They can change the chemical properties of the organic molecule they are bonded to. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a type of carbohydrate?

<p>Proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are triglycerides primarily used for?

<p>Energy storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is classified as a carbonyl?

<p>Ketone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do monosaccharides differ from disaccharides?

<p>Monosaccharides consist of only one sugar unit, while disaccharides consist of two. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for genetic information storage and protein synthesis?

<p>Nucleic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'saturated fatty acids' refer to?

<p>Fatty acids with no double bonds and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of polysaccharide important for structural support in plant cell walls?

<p>Cellulose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dehydration synthesis?

<p>A reaction that forms water as subunits combine to form larger molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organic compounds is hydrophobic and does not form polymers?

<p>Lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the repressor in gene regulation?

<p>To prevent RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation results from a substitution, insertion, or deletion of nucleotides?

<p>Point mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of transcription does RNA polymerase synthesize RNA from the DNA template?

<p>Elongation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do caps and tails play in mRNA?

<p>They protect the RNA from degradation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is caused by external agents such as chemicals or radiation?

<p>Induced mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what cellular location does translation occur?

<p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the promoter in transcription?

<p>To allow RNA polymerase to begin transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viral enzyme is responsible for synthesizing complementary DNA from RNA in retroviruses?

<p>Reverse transcriptase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the termination phase of transcription?

<p>RNA polymerase cleaves from the DNA strand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes negative gene regulation?

<p>It directly inhibits gene expression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential risk associated with using radiation to create beneficial traits in plants and animals?

<p>It can cause unintended genetic mutations, which may be harmful. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of studying the long-term effects of the Chernobyl disaster?

<p>Gaining a deeper understanding of the effects of radiation on humans, animals, and the environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of the Chernobyl disaster?

<p>The development of new technologies for cleaning up radioactive waste. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biological molecule plays a crucial role in the storage and transmission of genetic information?

<p>Nucleic acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT directly involved in maintaining homeostasis in the body?

<p>Protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biological process is responsible for the production of energy (ATP) in cells?

<p>Cellular respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between structure and function in biological molecules?

<p>The function of a biological molecule is determined by its three-dimensional shape. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key biological process that maintains life?

<p>Photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction where a larger molecule is formed by the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis reaction

A chemical reaction where water is used to break down a large molecule into two smaller molecules. It is the opposite of a dehydration reaction.

Glycosidic bond

A bond formed between two sugar molecules through the removal of a water molecule.

Ester linkage

A bond formed between two fatty acid molecules and a glycerol molecule.

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Hydrogen bond

A strong attraction between water molecules, resulting from the positive end of one molecule being attracted to the negative end of another molecule.

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What is a catalyst?

A substance speeds up a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent change itself.

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What is the active site of an enzyme?

The specific location on an enzyme where substrates bind and react.

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What is activation energy?

Energy required to initiate a chemical reaction, breaking bonds in reactants.

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What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

The process of forming ATP directly from a catalyzed reaction.

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What is oxidative phosphorylation?

The process of using the potential energy from NADH oxidation to pump protons, generating a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

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Functional Groups

These groups are polar except phosphate groups and play a crucial role in increasing organic molecules' solubility in water. They can also modify the chemical properties of the molecule they're attached to and often have specific functions in cellular metabolism.

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Hydroxyl Group

This group contains a hydroxyl (-OH) and is commonly found in alcohols. It typically results in the molecule's name ending in '-ol'.

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Carbonyl Group

This group has a carbonyl group (C=O), but its position distinguishes aldehydes from ketones. In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton, while in ketones, it's within the skeleton.

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Carboxyl Group

This group contains a carboxyl group (-COOH) and is typically found in carboxylic acids (organic acids).

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Amino Group

This group contains an amino group (-NH2) and is a key component of amino acids. It's known for its basic properties.

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Sulfhydryl Group

This group contains a sulfhydryl group (-SH) and is usually found in sulfur-containing amino acids. It also plays a role in protein structure.

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Phosphate Group

This group contains a phosphate group (-PO4) and is typically found in organic phosphates. It plays vital roles in energy transfer and cellular signaling.

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Macromolecules

These are large, complex molecules composed of smaller repeating units called monomers. They're essential for life and perform a wide range of functions within the cell.

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Carbohydrates

These molecules serve as the primary energy source for cellular respiration. They also provide structural support, forming plant cell walls.

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Monosaccharides

These are simple sugars that act as the basic building blocks for larger carbohydrates. They can be classified based on the location of the carbonyl group (aldose or ketose) and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton.

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Antiparallel DNA Strands

Two strands of DNA are oriented in opposite directions, with one strand running 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'.

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Adenine-Thymine (A-T) Base Pair

A bond formed between adenine and thymine (A-T) in DNA, involving two hydrogen bonds.

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Cytosine-Guanine (C-G) Base Pair

A bond formed between cytosine and guanine (C-G) in DNA, involving three hydrogen bonds.

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Semiconservative Replication

The process of copying DNA, where each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

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DNA Helicase

The enzyme that unwinds the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.

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Topoisomerase

The enzyme that relieves the tension caused by the unwinding of DNA during replication.

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Single-Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBs)

Proteins that bind to single-stranded DNA and prevent hydrogen bonding during replication.

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Replication Fork

The point where the two separated DNA strands are still joined during replication.

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Okazaki Fragments

Short DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand during replication.

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DNA Ligase

An enzyme that joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, forming a continuous DNA strand.

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What is an operon?

A section of DNA that contains one or more genes involved in a specific metabolic pathway, along with a control element (operator).

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What is the role of the operator in an operon?

A DNA sequence within the promoter that acts as a switch, controlling whether RNA polymerase can bind and start transcription.

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How does a repressor regulate gene expression?

A protein that binds to the operator, blocking RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and preventing gene expression.

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What is negative gene regulation?

A type of gene regulation where a protein directly interacts with the genome to turn off gene expression.

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What is a mutation?

A change in the DNA sequence. It can be a substitution, insertion, or deletion of one or more nucleotides.

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What is a spontaneous mutation?

A mutation that occurs naturally due to random molecular interactions within the cell.

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What is an induced mutation?

A mutation caused by external factors like radiation or chemicals.

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What is a mutagen?

A chemical or physical agent that increases the rate of mutations in an organism.

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What is a retrovirus?

A type of virus that uses reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA genome into DNA, which can then integrate into the host's genome.

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What is reverse transcriptase?

A viral enzyme that uses RNA as a template to synthesize complementary DNA. It's essential for retroviral replication.

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What are the four main types of biological molecules?

These molecules are the building blocks of life, each with unique roles in the organism. Proteins are the workhorses, carbohydrates fuel the body, lipids make up cell membranes, and nucleic acids carry genetic information.

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What is homeostasis?

This process involves maintaining a stable internal environment for an organism to function optimally. Think of it like a thermostat regulating your house's temperature.

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What is cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration breaks down glucose with the help of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This energy is used to power all cellular activities.

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What is protein synthesis?

Protein synthesis uses genetic instructions (DNA) to create proteins needed for various functions like structure, enzymes, and signaling.

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How does structure influence function in biology?

This principle states that the structure of a biological component determines its function. Think of a lock and key - each key has a unique shape that only fits its specific lock.

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What is a genetic mutation?

This type of mutation is caused by exposure to radiation, potentially leading to new traits in plants and animals.

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What is bioremediation?

One positive outcome of studying radiation is the development of bioremediation techniques that use plants and bacteria to clean up radioactive areas.

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What happened at Chernobyl?

This event had devastating consequences, highlighting the need for careful management of nuclear power and the importance of understanding the long-term impacts of radiation exposure.

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Study Notes

Different Types of Reactions

  • Dehydration reactions: larger molecules combine by removing water
  • Hydrolysis reactions: water is used to split larger molecules into smaller ones (opposite of dehydration)
  • Neutralization reactions: occur between acids and bases, creating salts
  • Redox reactions: electrons are transferred between atoms

Chemical Bonds

  • Hydrogen bonds: strong attractions between water molecules (not chemical bonds)

Cellular Components (and their percentages)

  • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 99% of the mass of most cells

Major Biological Molecules and Their Bonds

  • Carbohydrates: joined by glycosidic bonds
  • Lipids: joined by ester linkages
  • Proteins: joined by peptide bonds

Organic Compounds

  • Carbon compounds
  • Organized into chains or rings
  • Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds (good energy source)
  • Usually found in living organisms (carbohydrates and proteins)

Inorganic Compounds

  • Pure carbon and carbon compounds
  • No hydrogen
  • No carbon-hydrogen bonds

Types of Biological Groups

  • Hydroxyl (-OH)
  • Carbonyl (C=O)
    • Aldehydes (at the end of carbon skeleton)
    • Ketones (within the carbon skeleton)
  • Carboxyl (-COOH) (carboxylic acids or organic acids)
  • Amino (-NH2)
  • Sulfhydryl (-SH)
  • Phosphate (-PO4)

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Description

Test your knowledge on different biological reactions, including dehydration, hydrolysis, and redox reactions. This quiz also covers essential cellular components, major biological molecules, and the characteristics of organic and inorganic compounds. Perfect for students studying biology or biochemistry.

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