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Questions and Answers
Which enzyme is primarily involved in oxidation reactions?
What is the rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis?
Which substance is conjugated with bilirubin in the liver?
What is the main product of heme catabolism?
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Which factor does NOT affect enzyme activity?
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What is jaundice specifically referred to?
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Which of the following represents a condition that is necessary for high availability of energy release during biological oxidation?
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Which of the following is classified as hepatocellular jaundice?
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Which shuttle system is responsible for transporting NADH from the cytosol into the mitochondria?
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Which is NOT a donor involved in conjugation reactions?
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Which compound is not considered an energy-rich compound?
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How many ATPs are produced when one cytosolic NADH is transported into the mitochondria using the α-glycerophosphate shuttle?
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What is the carrier molecule for NADH transport from the cytosol to the mitochondria?
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Which statement is true regarding the characteristics of biological oxidation?
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What is the main purpose of NADH in cellular respiration?
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What is produced during the oxaloacetate conversion in the metabolism of NADH?
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What substance primarily increases in blood during prolonged starvation?
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Which molecule is crucial for ketolysis in tissues outside the liver?
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In prolonged starvation, which energy source does the brain predominantly utilize?
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Which enzyme is regarded as the key enzyme in the process of ketogenesis?
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Which of the following is a ketone body?
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Which compound is not involved in glycerophospholipid biosynthesis?
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What is the essential fatty acid among the following options?
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Which compound serves as the raw material for cholesterol synthesis in the body?
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What is the correct sequence of reactions in fatty acids oxidation?
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Which is the rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride degradation?
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Which hormone can accelerate fat mobilization?
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Which enzyme is key in the β-oxidation of fatty acids?
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Which of the following compounds is not generated during fatty acids β-oxidation?
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What is the primary product of acetyl-CoA generated during fatty acid mobilization in the liver?
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In which condition is ketone body synthesis greatly accelerated?
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Which of the following does not utilize ketone bodies?
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Which of the following is the first substance synthesized in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotide?
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Which of the following is the final product of purine nucleotide catabolism?
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Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of uric acid?
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Which substance links nucleotide synthesis directly to glucose metabolism?
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Which of the following is not a direct material for the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotide?
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Which of the following substances produces dNDP when reduced?
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Which one of the following does not inhibit the synthesis of purine nucleotide directly?
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What is the direct precursor of dTMP?
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Study Notes
Energy-Rich Compounds
- Creatine phosphate, ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate are energy-rich compounds.
- 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is not an energy-rich compound.
Energy Carriers
- Malate carries NADH from the cytosol to the mitochondria.
- Carnitine, oxaloacetate, α-ketoglutarate, and aspartate are not involved in transporting NADH.
α-glycerophosphate Shuttle
- The α-glycerophosphate shuttle transports cytosolic NADH into the mitochondria, producing 2 ATP per NADH molecule
Biological Oxidation
- Biological oxidation releases energy gradually and efficiently.
- Direct combination of hydrogen and oxygen, non-enzymatic reactions, mainly occurring in the cytosol, and unregulated by circumstance are not characteristics of biological oxidation.
NADH Transport Pathway
- The α-glycerophosphate shuttle is the pathway that transports NADH produced in the cytoplasm during glycolysis into the mitochondria.
- The citrate-pyruvate cycle, Cori cycle, GSH cycle, alanine-glucose cycle are not involved in NADH transport.
Heme Synthesis
- Succinyl-CoA and glycine are the starting materials for heme synthesis.
- Ferrous iron is incorporated into protoporphyrin after assembly.
- The liver is the major site for heme synthesis.
- The initial reaction and last three steps occur in the mitochondria.
- The intermediate steps take place in the cytosol.
- ALA synthase is the rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis.
Heme Catabolism
- Bilirubin is produced during heme catabolism.
- Albumin transports bilirubin in the blood.
- Bilirubin conjugates with UDPGA in the liver, mainly forming bilirubin diglucuronide.
- Intestinal bacteria reduce conjugated bilirubin to urobilin, which is excreted in feces.
Jaundice
- Jaundice is a condition where the skin and sclera turn yellow due to bilirubin deposition.
- Hemolytic jaundice, hepatocellular jaundice, and obstructive jaundice are the classifications of jaundice.
Urobilinogen and Enterohepatic Circulation
- Urobilinogen is a breakdown product of bilirubin by intestinal bacteria.
- The enterohepatic circulation is a process where urobilinogen is reabsorbed from the intestines and re-excreted in bile.
Purine Nucleotide Synthesis
- IMP is the first synthesized molecule in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides.
- GMP, AMP, ATP, and GTP are not the first synthesized molecules in the process.
Purine Catabolism
- Uric acid is the end product of purine nucleotide catabolic metabolism.
- Urea, creatine, creatinine, and β-alanine are not the end products.
TMP Synthesis
- N5, N10-CH2-FH4 is the methyl group donor for TMP synthesis.
- N10-CHO-FH4, N5, N10=CH-FH4, N5-CH3-FH4, and N5-CH=NH-FH4 are not involved as methyl group donors.
Uric Acid Synthesis
- Xanthine oxidase is the enzyme that catalyzes uric acid synthesis.
- Urate oxidase, adenosine deaminase, guanosine deaminase, and nucleophosphatase are not involved in the synthesis of uric acid.
Connecting Nucleotide Synthesis And Glucose Metabolism
- Ribose-5-phosphate directly links nucleotide synthesis and glucose metabolism.
- Glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, and glucose-1,6-diphosphate are not direct links.
Salvage Synthesis of Purine Nucleotides
- HGPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase) is involved in the salvage synthesis of purine nucleotides.
- De novo synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, salvage synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, and catabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides do not use HGPRT.
Materials for Purine Nucleotide Synthesis
- Glycine, aspartate, CO2, and one-carbon units are direct materials for de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides.
- Glutamate is not a direct material.
dNDP Reduction
- NDP (nucleoside diphosphate) is directly reduced to produce dNDP (deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate).
- Ribose, ribonucleoside, NM (nucleotide monophosphate), and NTP (nucleoside triphosphate) are not directly reduced.
Purine Nucleotide Synthesis Inhibition
- TMP does not directly inhibit the synthesis of purine nucleotides.
- IMP, AMP, GMP, and ADP can potentially inhibit purine nucleotide synthesis.
Azaserine Analog
- Glutamine is an analogue of azaserine.
- Serine, glycine, aspartate, and asparagine are not analogues of azaserine.
IMP and UMP Common Material
- Ribose phosphate is the common material for IMP and UMP synthesis.
- Asparagine, glycine, methionine, and one-carbon units are not common materials.
dTMP Precursor
- dUMP (deoxy-uridine monophosphate) is the direct precursor of dTMP (deoxy-thymine monophosphate).
- Other molecules related to dTMP synthesis are dUDP (deoxy-uridine diphosphate) and dUTP (deoxy-uridine triphosphate).
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Description
Test your knowledge on energy-rich compounds, including ATP and creatine phosphate, as well as the mechanisms of NADH transport into mitochondria. This quiz covers important biological processes such as the α-glycerophosphate shuttle and characteristics of biological oxidation.
