NADH Production in Electron Transport Chain
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Questions and Answers

What is produced to carry the electrons in the pathway?

  • FADH2
  • ATP
  • ADP
  • NADH (correct)

    • Which molecule undergoes dehydrogenation in the pathway?

  • FADH2
  • NADH (correct)
  • ADP
  • ATP

    • What is the primary purpose of producing NADH in the pathway?

  • Carry electrons (correct)
  • Generate heat
  • Facilitate protein synthesis
  • Store energy

    • Which of the following molecules is NOT involved in carrying electrons during dehydrogenation in the pathway?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the pathway, what role does NADH play with respect to electron transportation?

    <p>Carrier of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at this point in the process?

    <p>Formation of succinyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure has not yet been reformed by E2?

    <p>Disulfide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the status of E2's original structure at this point?

    <p>Partially reformed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is undergoing formation in the process described?

    <p>Succinyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current state of E2's disulfide bond?

    <p>Broken down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing citrate?

    <p>Isocitrate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is named after the intermediate aconitate?

    <p>Citrate synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in converting isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate?

    <p>Aconitase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of malate synthase in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Converting malate to oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Aconitase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the hydration of Fumarase?

    <p>Malate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme oxidizes the alcohol group of malate to a keto group?

    <p>Malate Dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NAD+ in the reaction where malate is converted to oxaloacetate?

    <p>Acts as a reducing agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is produced along with NADH when malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the alcohol group of malate during the oxidation process?

    <p>It is converted to a carboxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of fats in terms of metabolism, according to the text?

    <p>Fats are burned in the fire of carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it mentioned that fat cannot be converted to glucose?

    <p>Due to pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction being irreversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of Acetyl CoA if oxaloacetate is not present?

    <p>Acetyl CoA cannot be converted to CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CoA in fat metabolism?

    <p>CoA is involved in the irreversible step to form fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for oxaloacetate to be present for Acetyl CoA metabolism?

    <p>To ensure Acetyl CoA can enter the Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What needs to be converted in succinate to a keto group?

    <p>CH2–CH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbon atom needs to be reformed in the middle?

    <p>Carbon in CH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the targeted group for conversion in the process described?

    <p>Keto group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of reforming the carbon in the middle?

    <p>To convert succinate to fumarate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In succinate, what will be the result of converting CH2–CH2 to a keto group?

    <p>Conversion to fumarate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process requires oxygen as a crucial component in cellular respiration?

    <p>Citric acid cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

    <p>Generation of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule serves as an intermediate carrier of electrons in the electron transport chain?

    <p>FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential requirement for the efficient functioning of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?

    <p>Availability of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the eighth reaction in the pathway?

    <p>Ketone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction converts 5 carbon to 4 carbon in the pathway?

    <p>Third reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which reaction of the pathway does the conversion from an alkane to an alkene occur?

    <p>Fifth reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to Acetyl CoA if oxaloacetate is absent in the pathway?

    <p>It accumulates in its original form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is formed when alcohol is converted to a ketone in the pathway?

    <p>Carboxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction catalyzes the final dehydrogenation in the process described?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the described process, which molecule acts as the catalyst for the reaction?

    <p>Malate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall effect of oxidation in this process?

    <p>Production of NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction is NOT involved in the process described?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific enzyme responsible for catalyzing the final dehydrogenation reaction?

    <p>Malate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process inhibits aconitase from converting citrate to aconitate?

    <p>Noncompetitive inhibition by fluoroacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inhibition affects the activity of aconitase in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Noncompetitive inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does fluoroacetate have on the function of aconitase in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Inhibits aconitase function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound causes noncompetitive inhibition of aconitase in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Fluoroacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does fluoroacetate have on the conversion of citrate to aconitate by aconitase?

    <p>Blocks the enzyme's active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of functional group does citrate contain that cannot be oxidized?

    <p>Tertiary alcohol group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carboxylic groups are present in citrate that cannot be oxidized?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In citrate, what is the oxidation status of the carboxylic groups?

    <p>They cannot be oxidized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the hydroxyl group in citrate makes it resistant to oxidation?

    <p>It's a tertiary alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of functional group in citrate plays a role in its resistance to oxidation?

    <p>Hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the H molecule that comes out as H+ during the reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase?

    <p>It binds with NAD+ to produce NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as the electron carrier in the reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase?

    <p>NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule binds to the other released hydrogen atom during the reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase?

    <p>NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of the conversion of isocitrate catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase?

    <p>Alpha-ketoglutarate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the H- ion that is produced during the reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase?

    <p>It binds with NAD+ to form NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely effect of Ca+2 on the rate-limiting enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase?

    <p>Activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is most likely to have an inhibitory effect on isocitrate dehydrogenase?

    <p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probable impact of the absence of ADP on the regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase?

    <p>Inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of NADH likely affect the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase?

    <p>Inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most likely to have a dual regulatory effect on isocitrate dehydrogenase?

    <p>ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the Krebs cycle is mentioned as the only irreversible one?

    <p>Conversion of Succinyl CoA to α-Ketoglutarate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction in the Krebs cycle involves the conversion of Fumarate to Malate?

    <p>Conversion of Malate to Oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is formed by converting Citrate to Isocitrate in the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Malate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Krebs cycle, which reaction converts Succinate to Fumarate?

    <p>Conversion of Fumarate to Malate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is involved in the conversion from Citrate to Isocitrate in the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Succinate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inhibition is exhibited by fluoroacetate on aconitase in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Noncompetitive inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does fluoroacetate have on the activity of aconitase in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Irreversibly inhibits the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific effect of fluoroacetate on the conversion process carried out by aconitase?

    <p>Alters the enzyme's active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does fluoroacetate inhibit aconitase through noncompetitive inhibition rather than competitive inhibition?

    <p>To bind to a site other than the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fluoroacetate's inhibition of aconitase from competitive inhibition?

    <p>Binding to the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

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