75 Questions
What is produced to carry the electrons in the pathway?
NADH
Which molecule undergoes dehydrogenation in the pathway?
NADH
What is the primary purpose of producing NADH in the pathway?
Carry electrons
Which of the following molecules is NOT involved in carrying electrons during dehydrogenation in the pathway?
ATP
In the pathway, what role does NADH play with respect to electron transportation?
Carrier of electrons
What happens at this point in the process?
Formation of succinyl CoA
Which structure has not yet been reformed by E2?
Disulfide bond
What is the status of E2's original structure at this point?
Partially reformed
Which molecule is undergoing formation in the process described?
Succinyl CoA
What is the current state of E2's disulfide bond?
Broken down
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing citrate?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Which enzyme is named after the intermediate aconitate?
Citrate synthase
Which enzyme is involved in converting isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate?
Aconitase
What is the main function of malate synthase in the citric acid cycle?
Converting malate to oxaloacetate
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle?
Aconitase
What is the product of the hydration of Fumarase?
Malate
Which enzyme oxidizes the alcohol group of malate to a keto group?
Malate Dehydrogenase
What is the role of NAD+ in the reaction where malate is converted to oxaloacetate?
Acts as a reducing agent
Which molecule is produced along with NADH when malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate?
CO2
What happens to the alcohol group of malate during the oxidation process?
It is converted to a carboxyl group
What is the fate of fats in terms of metabolism, according to the text?
Fats are burned in the fire of carbohydrates
Why is it mentioned that fat cannot be converted to glucose?
Due to pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction being irreversible
What is the fate of Acetyl CoA if oxaloacetate is not present?
Acetyl CoA cannot be converted to CO2
What is the role of CoA in fat metabolism?
CoA is involved in the irreversible step to form fatty acids
Why is it essential for oxaloacetate to be present for Acetyl CoA metabolism?
To ensure Acetyl CoA can enter the Krebs cycle
What needs to be converted in succinate to a keto group?
CH2–CH2
Which carbon atom needs to be reformed in the middle?
Carbon in CH2
What is the targeted group for conversion in the process described?
Keto group
What is the aim of reforming the carbon in the middle?
To convert succinate to fumarate
In succinate, what will be the result of converting CH2–CH2 to a keto group?
Conversion to fumarate
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation?
Water
Which process requires oxygen as a crucial component in cellular respiration?
Citric acid cycle
What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
Generation of ATP
Which molecule serves as an intermediate carrier of electrons in the electron transport chain?
FADH2
What is the essential requirement for the efficient functioning of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?
Availability of oxygen
What is the product of the eighth reaction in the pathway?
Ketone
Which reaction converts 5 carbon to 4 carbon in the pathway?
Third reaction
In which reaction of the pathway does the conversion from an alkane to an alkene occur?
Fifth reaction
What happens to Acetyl CoA if oxaloacetate is absent in the pathway?
It accumulates in its original form
Which group is formed when alcohol is converted to a ketone in the pathway?
Carboxyl group
What type of reaction catalyzes the final dehydrogenation in the process described?
Dehydration
In the described process, which molecule acts as the catalyst for the reaction?
Malate
What is the overall effect of oxidation in this process?
Production of NADH
Which type of reaction is NOT involved in the process described?
Reduction
What is the specific enzyme responsible for catalyzing the final dehydrogenation reaction?
Malate dehydrogenase
Which process inhibits aconitase from converting citrate to aconitate?
Noncompetitive inhibition by fluoroacetate
What type of inhibition affects the activity of aconitase in the citric acid cycle?
Noncompetitive inhibition
What effect does fluoroacetate have on the function of aconitase in the citric acid cycle?
Inhibits aconitase function
Which compound causes noncompetitive inhibition of aconitase in the citric acid cycle?
Fluoroacetate
What impact does fluoroacetate have on the conversion of citrate to aconitate by aconitase?
Blocks the enzyme's active site
What type of functional group does citrate contain that cannot be oxidized?
Tertiary alcohol group
How many carboxylic groups are present in citrate that cannot be oxidized?
3
In citrate, what is the oxidation status of the carboxylic groups?
They cannot be oxidized
What characteristic of the hydroxyl group in citrate makes it resistant to oxidation?
It's a tertiary alcohol
Which type of functional group in citrate plays a role in its resistance to oxidation?
Hydroxyl group
What is the fate of the H molecule that comes out as H+ during the reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase?
It binds with NAD+ to produce NADH
What serves as the electron carrier in the reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase?
NAD+
Which molecule binds to the other released hydrogen atom during the reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase?
NAD+
What is the end product of the conversion of isocitrate catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase?
Alpha-ketoglutarate
What happens to the H- ion that is produced during the reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase?
It binds with NAD+ to form NADH
What is the most likely effect of Ca+2 on the rate-limiting enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase?
Activation
Which molecule is most likely to have an inhibitory effect on isocitrate dehydrogenase?
NADH
What is the probable impact of the absence of ADP on the regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase?
Inhibition
How does the presence of NADH likely affect the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase?
Inhibition
Which factor is most likely to have a dual regulatory effect on isocitrate dehydrogenase?
ADP
Which step in the Krebs cycle is mentioned as the only irreversible one?
Conversion of Succinyl CoA to α-Ketoglutarate
What reaction in the Krebs cycle involves the conversion of Fumarate to Malate?
Conversion of Malate to Oxaloacetate
Which compound is formed by converting Citrate to Isocitrate in the Krebs cycle?
Malate
In the Krebs cycle, which reaction converts Succinate to Fumarate?
Conversion of Fumarate to Malate
Which compound is involved in the conversion from Citrate to Isocitrate in the Krebs cycle?
Succinate
Which type of inhibition is exhibited by fluoroacetate on aconitase in the citric acid cycle?
Noncompetitive inhibition
What impact does fluoroacetate have on the activity of aconitase in the citric acid cycle?
Irreversibly inhibits the enzyme
What is the specific effect of fluoroacetate on the conversion process carried out by aconitase?
Alters the enzyme's active site
Why does fluoroacetate inhibit aconitase through noncompetitive inhibition rather than competitive inhibition?
To bind to a site other than the active site
What distinguishes fluoroacetate's inhibition of aconitase from competitive inhibition?
Binding to the active site
Learn about the production of NADH in the first dehydrogenation step of the electron transport chain pathway. Understand how NADH carries electrons in cellular respiration.
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