Biological Membranes and Proteins Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What role does Carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT I) play in the carnitine shuttle?

  • It facilitates the breakdown of acyl CoA.
  • It moves the acyl chain onto CoA from carnitine.
  • It helps translocate acyl carnitine across the inner membrane.
  • It moves the acyl chain onto carnitine from CoA. (correct)

    • Which molecule is produced at the end of the complete oxidation of 16:0 CoA in the mitochondrial matrix?

  • 108 ATP (correct)
  • 7 FADH2
  • 8 NADH
  • 23 CO2 (correct)

    • What triggers the phosphorylation of E1 by PD kinase?

  • NADH availability
  • Dephosphorylation by PD phosphatase
  • Allosteric control of PD kinase (correct)
  • Increased levels of Acetyl CoA

    • How does the citric acid cycle (CAC) contribute to ATP production from fats?

    <p>By processing acetyl CoA released from fatty acid degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule stimulates PD phosphatase activity?

    <p>Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fatty acid activation is correct?

    <p>It requires 2 ATP and produces acyl CoA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulatory factor for fatty acid breakdown?

    <p>Epinephrine and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does high energy levels have on the TCA cycle?

    <p>Inhibits the cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex is linking the TCA cycle to oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Complex II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the citric acid cycle when ATP and NADH levels are high in mitochondria?

    <p>The CAC slows down to allow fat synthesis from acetyl CoA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria is true?

    <p>The carnitine shuttle permits fatty acid entry using Carnitine acyltransferase I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of F1 in ATP synthase?

    <p>Catalytic synthesis of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for the synthesis of OAA in relation to fatty acid catabolism?

    <p>Amino acids or pyruvate processed by pyruvate carboxylase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative delta G indicate for TCA cycle reactions?

    <p>Favorable reaction direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about uncouplers is true?

    <p>They prevent ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of the TCA cycle?

    <p>Produce NADH and FADH2 for oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased acetyl-CoA concentration within the TCA cycle?

    <p>Enhanced production of citric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathway is the TCA cycle classified as?

    <p>Amphibolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can glucagon signalling trigger that can worsen hyperglycemia?

    <p>GNG (Gluconeogenesis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can occur when blood glucose levels are low and insulin is present?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Cori cycle utilize to aid in gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Lactate and non-carbohydrate precursors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is necessary for gluconeogenesis to proceed in the liver?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do glycolysis and gluconeogenesis influence each other?

    <p>They are reciprocally regulated via allosteric regulation and phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first reaction in the fatty acid synthase process?

    <p>Condensation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of anaerobic conditions in a cell?

    <p>Conversion of glucose to lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lipids play in cellular signaling?

    <p>They assist in transmitting signals across membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many malonyl CoA molecules are needed in total to produce a 16-carbon fatty acid?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential characteristic allows membrane proteins to move ions across the membrane?

    <p>Their specific structural features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of desaturases in fatty acid synthesis?

    <p>To introduce cis bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the formation of triglycerides (TAGs)?

    <p>Combination of DAG and acyltransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for the structure of lipoproteins?

    <p>Monolayer of phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary metabolic precursor for cholesterol synthesis?

    <p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of apoproteins in lipoproteins?

    <p>Orient hydrophilic chains outward in the lipoprotein structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cholesterol metabolism, which enzyme's inhibition primarily regulates cholesterol production?

    <p>HMG-CoA reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lipoprotein remnants after delivering fatty acids and cholesterol to the tissues?

    <p>They are recycled back to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required in large amounts for the anabolic pathway of fatty acid synthesis?

    <p>NADPH and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the primary function of secondary active transport in cellular processes?

    <p>Using an electrochemical gradient to move substances into the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly differentiates between anabolic and catabolic pathways?

    <p>Anabolic pathways require energy and synthesize molecules, while catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do carbohydrates play in biochemical processes, especially in energy production?

    <p>They provide energy through glycolysis and may be converted into various metabolites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the P/O ratio in cellular respiration?

    <p>It measures ATP produced per oxygen atom consumed during electron transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme's regulation is central to the control of gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the significance of phosphoryl transfer potential in high-energy molecules?

    <p>It provides energy for enzyme-catalyzed reactions through ATP hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which conditions is fat synthesis favored over lipolysis?

    <p>In the presence of surplus carbohydrates and energy abundance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes 'good' cholesterol (HDL) from 'bad' cholesterol (LDL)?

    <p>HDL carries cholesterol away from arteries, while LDL deposits it in arterial walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chylomicrons play in lipid metabolism?

    <p>They are made in the small intestine from dietary fats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for converting lactate back to NAD+ during anaerobic metabolism?

    <p>Lactate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance primarily dictates the process of ketogenesis in the liver?

    <p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway allows the liver to convert lactate into glucose?

    <p>Cori cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does insulin affect blood glucose levels?

    <p>It stimulates glycolysis and reduces glycogenolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of prolonged ketoacidosis?

    <p>Altered protein structure and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the absence of insulin, what metabolic processes are primarily affected?

    <p>Glucose uptake is impaired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipoprotein is known as the 'bad' cholesterol?

    <p>Low density lipoprotein (LDL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does high energy charge (ATP) have on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Inhibits glycolysis and stimulates gluconeogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which metabolic condition does the liver synthesize ketone bodies?

    <p>Low insulin presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of gluconeogenesis in the liver?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lipoprotein lipase in lipid metabolism?

    <p>Hydrolyze triglycerides in lipoproteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the liver's role in cholesterol metabolism is true?

    <p>The liver regulates cholesterol levels and recycles lipoproteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant marker of high blood glucose over time?

    <p>HbA1c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Goals

    • Review the composition and roles of biological membranes and how diverse chemical structures of molecules contribute to their formation.
    • Explain how fluorescence microscopy can be used to visualize the movement of molecules in a membrane and why membrane fluidity is important.
    • Define unique properties of integral membrane proteins and predict the topology of a membrane protein based on the amino acids present.
    • Describe the role of detergents and salt when purifying a membrane protein.
    • Explain how the structure of a membrane protein is crucial for its ability to move ions, molecules, or transmit signals across the membrane.
    • Describe the essential features of the main types of signaling pathways.
    • Identify the role of lipids and enzymes in transmitting signals across the membrane.
    • Distinguish between passive and primary vs. secondary active transport.
    • Compare the general organization and regulation of enzymes within pathways.
    • Explain the importance of phosphoryl transfer potential for high energy molecules.
    • Explain the importance of carbohydrate structure for biochemical processes.
    • Describe the organization of functional groups and how they contribute to carbohydrate complexity (monosaccharides and polysaccharides).
    • Differentiate between the enzymatic synthesis and breakdown of complex carbohydrates.
    • Describe how carbohydrates are transported across the plasma membrane and into the cell.
    • Summarize how glycolysis breaks down glucose for energy production.
    • Examine the role of thermodynamics as a driving force in glycolysis and glycogen synthesis.
    • Describe how glycolysis can be regulated depending on metabolite concentrations and cellular ATP requirements.
    • Examine how hormonal signaling can lead to glucose uptake, use, storage, or production.
    • Compare the regulation and mechanisms of the enzymes involved.

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    BCH210 Section 2 Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of biological membranes, including their composition, roles, and how various proteins interact with them. This quiz covers the visualization techniques, signaling pathways, and transport mechanisms crucial for cellular function. Explore the unique properties of membrane proteins and their significance in cellular communication and transport.

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