Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the central unifying principle of pharmacology?
What is the central unifying principle of pharmacology?
- The chemical control of physiology
- The concentration-response function (correct)
- The study of how drugs affect the body
- The development of new drugs
Which of these is NOT considered a component of Pharmacokinetics?
Which of these is NOT considered a component of Pharmacokinetics?
- Metabolism
- Distribution
- Ligand/receptor interactions (correct)
- Absorption
What does ADME stand for in the context of pharmacology?
What does ADME stand for in the context of pharmacology?
- Activation, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
- Absorption, Dilution, Metabolism, Elimination
- Administration, Dosage, Metabolism, Excretion
- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination (correct)
Which of these is an application of pharmacology?
Which of these is an application of pharmacology?
Pharmacology seeks to define the relationship between:
Pharmacology seeks to define the relationship between:
What term is used to describe the building block units of biological macromolecules?
What term is used to describe the building block units of biological macromolecules?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a nucleotide?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a nucleotide?
What is the term for the combination of three monomers?
What is the term for the combination of three monomers?
Which fatty acid is specifically mentioned as an important building block organic molecule?
Which fatty acid is specifically mentioned as an important building block organic molecule?
What key feature allows macromolecules to assemble and gain emergent properties?
What key feature allows macromolecules to assemble and gain emergent properties?
Which of the following correctly describes the difference between oligomers and polymers?
Which of the following correctly describes the difference between oligomers and polymers?
What is an example of a carbohydrate monomer and its corresponding polymer?
What is an example of a carbohydrate monomer and its corresponding polymer?
Which statement correctly describes the role of ATP?
Which statement correctly describes the role of ATP?
How are peptides and proteins structured?
How are peptides and proteins structured?
What defines a ligand in biological systems?
What defines a ligand in biological systems?
Which description is accurate for the term 'agonist'?
Which description is accurate for the term 'agonist'?
What do proteins require for their structural complexity?
What do proteins require for their structural complexity?
How does multimerization of proteins affect their function?
How does multimerization of proteins affect their function?
Which example illustrates a lipid monomer and its polymer?
Which example illustrates a lipid monomer and its polymer?
What is the primary function of bradykinin?
What is the primary function of bradykinin?
What is the name given to the process by which monomers are assembled into larger macromolecules?
What is the name given to the process by which monomers are assembled into larger macromolecules?
Which of the following is NOT a key feature of macromolecules?
Which of the following is NOT a key feature of macromolecules?
Which of the following is an example of a dimer?
Which of the following is an example of a dimer?
Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide?
Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide?
Which of the following is a type of fatty acid?
Which of the following is a type of fatty acid?
Which of the following is an example of an amino acid?
Which of the following is an example of an amino acid?
Which of the following is a key feature of a polymer?
Which of the following is a key feature of a polymer?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between monomers and polymers?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between monomers and polymers?
Why is polymerization an important process for life?
Why is polymerization an important process for life?
Which of the following is NOT a component of Pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following is NOT a component of Pharmacokinetics?
What is the primary independent variable in pharmacological research?
What is the primary independent variable in pharmacological research?
What does the term 'dose-response function' represent in pharmacology?
What does the term 'dose-response function' represent in pharmacology?
Which branch of pharmacology focuses on the effects of drugs on the body?
Which branch of pharmacology focuses on the effects of drugs on the body?
What is the primary goal of drug discovery in the context of pharmacology?
What is the primary goal of drug discovery in the context of pharmacology?
Which of the following is considered a key principle of pharmacodynamics?
Which of the following is considered a key principle of pharmacodynamics?
How does pharmacognosy contribute to the field of pharmacology?
How does pharmacognosy contribute to the field of pharmacology?
Which of the following BEST describes the role of metabolism in pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following BEST describes the role of metabolism in pharmacokinetics?
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between pharmacology and modern therapeutics?
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between pharmacology and modern therapeutics?
What is the primary function of a ligand in the context of pharmacology?
What is the primary function of a ligand in the context of pharmacology?
What is the main defining characteristic of a molecule that acts as a ligand?
What is the main defining characteristic of a molecule that acts as a ligand?
What is an agonist's primary role in a biological system?
What is an agonist's primary role in a biological system?
How do proteins achieve their diverse and complex structures?
How do proteins achieve their diverse and complex structures?
What is a key factor that contributes to the versatility and diversity of protein functions?
What is a key factor that contributes to the versatility and diversity of protein functions?
Imagine a protein that has multiple subunits, each contributing to its overall function. What process best describes this phenomenon?
Imagine a protein that has multiple subunits, each contributing to its overall function. What process best describes this phenomenon?
What is the primary function of bradykinin, a peptide hormone?
What is the primary function of bradykinin, a peptide hormone?
Which of the following accurately describes a biomolecule?
Which of the following accurately describes a biomolecule?
How do antagonists differ from agonists in their interaction with receptors?
How do antagonists differ from agonists in their interaction with receptors?
Which of the following is an accurate example of a monomer and its corresponding polymer?
Which of the following is an accurate example of a monomer and its corresponding polymer?
How does the existence of protein domains contribute to structural complexity?
How does the existence of protein domains contribute to structural complexity?
What does adenylyl cyclase convert in the plasma membrane?
What does adenylyl cyclase convert in the plasma membrane?
What role do β-arrestins play in GPCR internalization?
What role do β-arrestins play in GPCR internalization?
What is the result of microinjecting IP3 into neuroepithelioma cells?
What is the result of microinjecting IP3 into neuroepithelioma cells?
What occurs following agonist binding to a GPCR?
What occurs following agonist binding to a GPCR?
Which of the following substances is known to inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity?
Which of the following substances is known to inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity?
What triggers the recruitment of β-arrestins to the cell membrane?
What triggers the recruitment of β-arrestins to the cell membrane?
What happens to receptors that are internalized into clathrin-coated vesicles?
What happens to receptors that are internalized into clathrin-coated vesicles?
What are the components of a sweet taste receptor?
What are the components of a sweet taste receptor?
What does GTP convert into during G protein activation?
What does GTP convert into during G protein activation?
What is the effect of caffeine on intracellular signaling?
What is the effect of caffeine on intracellular signaling?
Which process involves the use of GRKs following receptor activation?
Which process involves the use of GRKs following receptor activation?
What role does IP3 play in signal transduction?
What role does IP3 play in signal transduction?
Which process does phospholipase C facilitate?
Which process does phospholipase C facilitate?
What causes calcium ions to exit the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm?
What causes calcium ions to exit the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm?
What type of molecule activates the sweet taste receptor?
What type of molecule activates the sweet taste receptor?
Which component is NOT a product of phospholipase C activity?
Which component is NOT a product of phospholipase C activity?
Which factor contributes to the activation of G proteins?
Which factor contributes to the activation of G proteins?
In which cellular compartment is calcium primarily stored before its release by IP3?
In which cellular compartment is calcium primarily stored before its release by IP3?
What structural feature of the sweet taste receptor is crucial for binding ligands?
What structural feature of the sweet taste receptor is crucial for binding ligands?
What is the primary function of nuclear receptors?
What is the primary function of nuclear receptors?
Which component is found in the structure of nuclear receptors?
Which component is found in the structure of nuclear receptors?
Which of the following examples is NOT an agonist for nuclear receptors?
Which of the following examples is NOT an agonist for nuclear receptors?
What initiates the translocation of the Ligand-Receptor complex to the nucleus?
What initiates the translocation of the Ligand-Receptor complex to the nucleus?
During the mechanism of action of Class II nuclear receptors, what is the role of the coactivator protein?
During the mechanism of action of Class II nuclear receptors, what is the role of the coactivator protein?
What occurs in the cytosol before the ligand-receptor complex enters the nucleus?
What occurs in the cytosol before the ligand-receptor complex enters the nucleus?
What is the initial effect of ligand binding to the thyroid hormone receptor?
What is the initial effect of ligand binding to the thyroid hormone receptor?
Which of the following is a key role of the Hormone Response Element (HRE) in the nuclear receptor mechanism?
Which of the following is a key role of the Hormone Response Element (HRE) in the nuclear receptor mechanism?
What occurs after the Ligand-Receptor complex binds to the DNA?
What occurs after the Ligand-Receptor complex binds to the DNA?
Which class of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is characterized by a long amino terminus involved in ligand binding?
Which class of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is characterized by a long amino terminus involved in ligand binding?
Which type of ion channel primarily opens in response to a change in membrane potential?
Which type of ion channel primarily opens in response to a change in membrane potential?
What is the characteristic structural feature of Class A GPCRs?
What is the characteristic structural feature of Class A GPCRs?
What is the mechanism by which the Protease Activated Receptor (PAR-1) is activated?
What is the mechanism by which the Protease Activated Receptor (PAR-1) is activated?
Which type of receptor is known to undergo significant changes upon ligand binding, forming functional heterodimers?
Which type of receptor is known to undergo significant changes upon ligand binding, forming functional heterodimers?
What is one of the main functions of transport proteins in the context of pharmacology?
What is one of the main functions of transport proteins in the context of pharmacology?
Which statement accurately describes enzymes in the context of drug targets?
Which statement accurately describes enzymes in the context of drug targets?
Which class of GPCRs is the most numerous and diverse?
Which class of GPCRs is the most numerous and diverse?
Which of the following statements about ligand-gated channels is true?
Which of the following statements about ligand-gated channels is true?
Which of these receptors typically binds to peptides and small proteins?
Which of these receptors typically binds to peptides and small proteins?
What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?
What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?
Which type of ion channel is activated by a chemical messenger like acetylcholine or capsaicin?
Which type of ion channel is activated by a chemical messenger like acetylcholine or capsaicin?
What is the primary function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor?
What is the primary function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor?
What does the term "conductance" refer to in the context of ion channels?
What does the term "conductance" refer to in the context of ion channels?
Which of the following is a technique used to measure the conductance of a single ion channel?
Which of the following is a technique used to measure the conductance of a single ion channel?
How do voltage-gated ion channels respond to changes in membrane potential?
How do voltage-gated ion channels respond to changes in membrane potential?
Where are nicotinic receptors typically located?
Where are nicotinic receptors typically located?
What is the primary role of transporters in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of transporters in the nervous system?
How do ion channel agonists affect the behavior of ion channels?
How do ion channel agonists affect the behavior of ion channels?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ion channels?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ion channels?
Which of the following statements about the role of transporters in drug response is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the role of transporters in drug response is TRUE?
Which of the following is a characteristic of ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) transporters, such as P-gp?
Which of the following is a characteristic of ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) transporters, such as P-gp?
Which of the following correctly describes the difference between uniporters, symporters, and antiporters?
Which of the following correctly describes the difference between uniporters, symporters, and antiporters?
Which of the following scenarios correctly describes how an efflux transporter like P-gp could affect drug response?
Which of the following scenarios correctly describes how an efflux transporter like P-gp could affect drug response?
Which of the following types of transporter is most likely to be responsible for the transport of neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft?
Which of the following types of transporter is most likely to be responsible for the transport of neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of SLC (Solute Carrier) transporters?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of SLC (Solute Carrier) transporters?
If a drug is a substrate for an efflux transporter, what is the likely consequence for its pharmacokinetic profile?
If a drug is a substrate for an efflux transporter, what is the likely consequence for its pharmacokinetic profile?
Which of the following scenarios is an example of how transporters could be relevant to drug resistance?
Which of the following scenarios is an example of how transporters could be relevant to drug resistance?
Which of the following is a potential strategy to overcome drug resistance mediated by P-gp efflux?
Which of the following is a potential strategy to overcome drug resistance mediated by P-gp efflux?
Which of the following is the most accurate explanation for the concept of 'vectorial' transport?
Which of the following is the most accurate explanation for the concept of 'vectorial' transport?
What is the primary function of enzymes in biological systems?
What is the primary function of enzymes in biological systems?
Kinases are a type of protein that regulates the activity of other proteins by:
Kinases are a type of protein that regulates the activity of other proteins by:
Which of the following statements accurately describes cAMP's role in cell signaling?
Which of the following statements accurately describes cAMP's role in cell signaling?
What is the primary role of acetylcholinesterase in neurotransmission?
What is the primary role of acetylcholinesterase in neurotransmission?
How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?
How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?
Which of these is a key characteristic that distinguishes kinases from other types of enzymes?
Which of these is a key characteristic that distinguishes kinases from other types of enzymes?
What is the primary role of cAMP in activating protein kinase A (PKA)?
What is the primary role of cAMP in activating protein kinase A (PKA)?
How is the activity of acetylcholinesterase related to the ‘on-off’ nature of neurotransmission?
How is the activity of acetylcholinesterase related to the ‘on-off’ nature of neurotransmission?
Besides accelerating chemical reactions, what is another key characteristic of enzymes in biological systems?
Besides accelerating chemical reactions, what is another key characteristic of enzymes in biological systems?
What is the main difference between enzymes and other catalysts?
What is the main difference between enzymes and other catalysts?
What observation led Langley to propose the existence of a "receptive substance" at the neuromuscular junction?
What observation led Langley to propose the existence of a "receptive substance" at the neuromuscular junction?
What was the main problem that Langley's "receptive substance" concept aimed to address?
What was the main problem that Langley's "receptive substance" concept aimed to address?
Which scientist's work on the localization of curare's effects contributed significantly to Langley's receptor concept?
Which scientist's work on the localization of curare's effects contributed significantly to Langley's receptor concept?
Which of these is NOT a key feature of Langley's "receptive substance" concept?
Which of these is NOT a key feature of Langley's "receptive substance" concept?
How did Erlich's work on antibodies contribute to Langley's receptor concept?
How did Erlich's work on antibodies contribute to Langley's receptor concept?
What did Langley mean by the phrase "mutual antagonism" in the context of bioreactive chemicals?
What did Langley mean by the phrase "mutual antagonism" in the context of bioreactive chemicals?
What does the concept of "saturability" imply in the context of Langley's work?
What does the concept of "saturability" imply in the context of Langley's work?
Which of the following scientists contributed to the development of the receptor concept through their work with antibodies?
Which of the following scientists contributed to the development of the receptor concept through their work with antibodies?
What is the key difference between Langley's "receptive substance" concept and the modern concept of a receptor?
What is the key difference between Langley's "receptive substance" concept and the modern concept of a receptor?
Which of these statements BEST describes the relationship between Langley's "receptive substance" and the modern concept of a receptor?
Which of these statements BEST describes the relationship between Langley's "receptive substance" and the modern concept of a receptor?
In the context of receptor-ligand interactions, what does the term 'saturable' refer to?
In the context of receptor-ligand interactions, what does the term 'saturable' refer to?
What is the primary role of the constant 'k1' in the equation 'k1LD = k2LL' which describes the equilibrium of receptor-ligand interactions?
What is the primary role of the constant 'k1' in the equation 'k1LD = k2LL' which describes the equilibrium of receptor-ligand interactions?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the association constant (KA) and the dissociation constant (KD) in the context of receptor-ligand interaction?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the association constant (KA) and the dissociation constant (KD) in the context of receptor-ligand interaction?
What is the main implication of the 'Law of Mass Action' in understanding receptor-ligand interactions?
What is the main implication of the 'Law of Mass Action' in understanding receptor-ligand interactions?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a system at equilibrium in receptor-ligand interactions?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a system at equilibrium in receptor-ligand interactions?
What is the primary implication of the 'Hill-Langmuir Equation' in the context of receptor-ligand interactions?
What is the primary implication of the 'Hill-Langmuir Equation' in the context of receptor-ligand interactions?
What is the main rationale for considering receptor-ligand interactions as reversible chemical reactions?
What is the main rationale for considering receptor-ligand interactions as reversible chemical reactions?
Which of the following BEST describes the role of the 'association constant' (KA) in receptor-ligand interactions?
Which of the following BEST describes the role of the 'association constant' (KA) in receptor-ligand interactions?
Considering the statement 'Starting conditions are out of equilibrium; Movement from starting conditions toward equilibrium', what does this imply about the receptor-ligand interactions?
Considering the statement 'Starting conditions are out of equilibrium; Movement from starting conditions toward equilibrium', what does this imply about the receptor-ligand interactions?
If the concentration of a drug required to occupy 50% of its receptors is 10 nM, what is the affinity of the drug?
If the concentration of a drug required to occupy 50% of its receptors is 10 nM, what is the affinity of the drug?
A drug with a lower KD value will have a __________ affinity for its receptor compared to a drug with a higher KD value.
A drug with a lower KD value will have a __________ affinity for its receptor compared to a drug with a higher KD value.
Which of the following best describes the Hill-Langmuir equation?
Which of the following best describes the Hill-Langmuir equation?
In the Hill-Langmuir equation, what does "[D]" represent?
In the Hill-Langmuir equation, what does "[D]" represent?
A drug with a high affinity for its receptor will typically have a __________ effect at lower concentrations compared to a drug with a low affinity.
A drug with a high affinity for its receptor will typically have a __________ effect at lower concentrations compared to a drug with a low affinity.
What specific aspect of the neuromuscular junction did Bernard's curare experiments highlight?
What specific aspect of the neuromuscular junction did Bernard's curare experiments highlight?
What aspect of curare's action did Claude Bernard demonstrate?
What aspect of curare's action did Claude Bernard demonstrate?
Based on Bernard’s experiments, what can be concluded about curare's mode of action?
Based on Bernard’s experiments, what can be concluded about curare's mode of action?
What was a key finding of Bernard’s experiments involving the ligation of an artery to the leg?
What was a key finding of Bernard’s experiments involving the ligation of an artery to the leg?
What did Bernard's experiments with curare reveal about the role of sensory nerves?
What did Bernard's experiments with curare reveal about the role of sensory nerves?
What crucial conclusion can be drawn from Bernard’s curare experiments?
What crucial conclusion can be drawn from Bernard’s curare experiments?
Claude Bernard was a pioneer in the field of physiology. His work involved applying which scientific method to medicine?
Claude Bernard was a pioneer in the field of physiology. His work involved applying which scientific method to medicine?
Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the significance of Claude Bernard's work on curare?
Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the significance of Claude Bernard's work on curare?
What does a higher value of KD indicate about the affinity of a drug for its receptor?
What does a higher value of KD indicate about the affinity of a drug for its receptor?
What are the units for the rate constant k1?
What are the units for the rate constant k1?
What is the relationship between the rate constants k1 and k2, and the dissociation constant KD?
What is the relationship between the rate constants k1 and k2, and the dissociation constant KD?
If the rate constant k1 is 1 and k2 is 0.2, what is the value of KD?
If the rate constant k1 is 1 and k2 is 0.2, what is the value of KD?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding a high affinity drug?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding a high affinity drug?
If the rate constant k2 is decreased, what will happen to the KD?
If the rate constant k2 is decreased, what will happen to the KD?
Why is the equilibrium condition crucial for understanding drug-receptor interactions?
Why is the equilibrium condition crucial for understanding drug-receptor interactions?
What is the primary focus of the hypothetical demonstration presented in the text?
What is the primary focus of the hypothetical demonstration presented in the text?
Which of these statements correctly describes the relationship between kinetics and affinity?
Which of these statements correctly describes the relationship between kinetics and affinity?
If a drug has a high affinity for its receptor, what is the expected outcome for its biological effect?
If a drug has a high affinity for its receptor, what is the expected outcome for its biological effect?
Flashcards
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars like glucose and fructose used for energy.
Nucleotides
Nucleotides
Building blocks of nucleic acids, such as ATP and AMP.
Fatty Acids
Fatty Acids
Long hydrocarbon chains that make up lipids, like oleic acid.
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
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Polymerization
Polymerization
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Pharmacology
Pharmacology
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Concentration-response function
Concentration-response function
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Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics
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Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
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ADME
ADME
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Oligomer
Oligomer
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Polymer
Polymer
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Monomer
Monomer
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ATP
ATP
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Glucose
Glucose
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Peptide
Peptide
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Ligand
Ligand
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Agonist
Agonist
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Antagonist
Antagonist
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Independent variable
Independent variable
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Dependent variable
Dependent variable
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Ligand/receptor interactions
Ligand/receptor interactions
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Modern therapeutics
Modern therapeutics
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Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy
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Bradykinin
Bradykinin
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Triglyceride
Triglyceride
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Phospholipids
Phospholipids
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Complex Protein Structures
Complex Protein Structures
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Ligand-Protein Complex
Ligand-Protein Complex
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Dimer
Dimer
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Trimer
Trimer
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Tetramer
Tetramer
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Pentamer
Pentamer
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Emergent Properties
Emergent Properties
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Drug Targets
Drug Targets
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GPCRs
GPCRs
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Ion Channels
Ion Channels
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Enzyme Linked Receptors
Enzyme Linked Receptors
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Class A GPCRs
Class A GPCRs
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Class B GPCRs
Class B GPCRs
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Class C GPCRs
Class C GPCRs
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PAR-1
PAR-1
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Binding Pocket
Binding Pocket
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Transporters
Transporters
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IP3 Microinjection
IP3 Microinjection
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Calcium Signaling
Calcium Signaling
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Adenylyl Cyclase
Adenylyl Cyclase
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β-Arrestins
β-Arrestins
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GPCR Internalization
GPCR Internalization
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Clathrin-Coated Pits
Clathrin-Coated Pits
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GRKs
GRKs
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Endocytic Vesicle
Endocytic Vesicle
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Desensitization
Desensitization
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Sweet Taste Receptor
Sweet Taste Receptor
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G Protein
G Protein
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Phospholipase C (PLC)
Phospholipase C (PLC)
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IP3
IP3
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DAG
DAG
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Intracellular Calcium Release
Intracellular Calcium Release
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Signal Transduction Cascade
Signal Transduction Cascade
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Nuclear Receptors
Nuclear Receptors
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Ligand Binding Domain
Ligand Binding Domain
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DNA Binding Domain
DNA Binding Domain
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Agonists for Nuclear Receptors
Agonists for Nuclear Receptors
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Class I Nuclear Receptors
Class I Nuclear Receptors
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Hormone Response Element (HRE)
Hormone Response Element (HRE)
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Corepressor Protein
Corepressor Protein
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Coactivator Protein
Coactivator Protein
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Transcription Initiation Complex
Transcription Initiation Complex
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Heat Shock Protein (HSP)
Heat Shock Protein (HSP)
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Cleavage of Acetylcholine
Cleavage of Acetylcholine
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Voltage-gated Ion Channels
Voltage-gated Ion Channels
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Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR)
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR)
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Conductance in Ion Channels
Conductance in Ion Channels
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Drug Agonists
Drug Agonists
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Ligand-gated vs Voltage-gated
Ligand-gated vs Voltage-gated
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Conformational Change in Ion Channels
Conformational Change in Ion Channels
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P-glycoprotein (P-gp)
P-glycoprotein (P-gp)
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Active Transport
Active Transport
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Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
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ABC Transporters
ABC Transporters
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SLC Transporters
SLC Transporters
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Primary Active Transport
Primary Active Transport
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Secondary Active Transport
Secondary Active Transport
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Uniporters, Symporters, Antiporters
Uniporters, Symporters, Antiporters
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Enzymes
Enzymes
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Catalyst
Catalyst
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Kinases
Kinases
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Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
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Protein Kinase A (PKA)
Protein Kinase A (PKA)
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Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase
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Neurotransmitter Signal
Neurotransmitter Signal
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Regulation of Cellular Events
Regulation of Cellular Events
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Curare
Curare
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Equilibrium
Equilibrium
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Reversible Chemical Reactions
Reversible Chemical Reactions
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Hill-Langmuir Equation
Hill-Langmuir Equation
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Law of Mass Action
Law of Mass Action
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Association Constant (KA)
Association Constant (KA)
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Dissociation Constant (KD)
Dissociation Constant (KD)
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Claude Bernard
Claude Bernard
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Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Action
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Neuromuscular Junction
Neuromuscular Junction
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Electrical Stimulation in Bernard's Experiments
Electrical Stimulation in Bernard's Experiments
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Motor Nerves vs Sensory Nerves
Motor Nerves vs Sensory Nerves
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Reflex Movements
Reflex Movements
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Blood and Drug Effect
Blood and Drug Effect
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Affinity
Affinity
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KD
KD
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Receptor Occupancy Curve
Receptor Occupancy Curve
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Fractional Receptor Occupancy
Fractional Receptor Occupancy
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Equilibrium in binding
Equilibrium in binding
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Rate constants (k1, k2)
Rate constants (k1, k2)
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Units of k1 and k2
Units of k1 and k2
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Relationship of KD with affinities
Relationship of KD with affinities
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Affinity (concept)
Affinity (concept)
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Rates of association and dissociation
Rates of association and dissociation
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Equilibrium constant equation
Equilibrium constant equation
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Hypothetical KD scenarios
Hypothetical KD scenarios
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Equilibrium concepts
Equilibrium concepts
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Receptive Substance
Receptive Substance
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Mutual Antagonism
Mutual Antagonism
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Chemotherapeutic Index
Chemotherapeutic Index
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Saturable Effects
Saturable Effects
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Efficacy of Small Molecules
Efficacy of Small Molecules
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Curare and Nicotine
Curare and Nicotine
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Claude Bernard's Contribution
Claude Bernard's Contribution
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Bioreactive Chemicals
Bioreactive Chemicals
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Study Notes
Building Block Molecules
- Four most important organic building blocks used by cells are monosaccharides, nucleotides, fatty acids, and amino acids.
- Monosaccharides include glucose and fructose.
- Nucleotides include ATP (adenosine triphosphate), AMP (adenosine monophosphate), and GTP (guanosine triphosphate).
- Fatty acids include oleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids.
- Amino acids include glutamate (glutamic acid), tryptophan, serine, and threonine.
- Students should be able to identify these molecules by their structure.
Biological Macromolecules
- Macromolecules have the ability to polymerize.
- Polymerization efficiently assembles building blocks into large, complex molecules with emergent properties that support life.
- Monomers are the individual building blocks.
- Combining two monomers creates a dimer, three a trimer, etc; five monomers create a pentamer.
- Oligomers consist of a few units, while polymers consist of many.
- Individual building blocks have functions independent of polymerization.
- Examples of building blocks and their assigned functions include:
- ATP - energy currency of the cell, neurotransmitter/hormone.
- Glutamic acid - nutrient, neurotransmitter.
- Glucose - nutrient.
Examples of Monomers/Polymers
- Glucose monomers form carbohydrates (like amylose, starch).
- Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) monomers form nucleotides/nucleic acids (like RNA).
Examples of Lipid Monomers/Polymers
- Fatty acids monomers form lipids (like Palmitic acid), triglycerides, and phospholipids.
- Glycerol monomers form triglycerides and phospholipids.
Peptides and Proteins
- Peptides and proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
- Amino acids combine to create peptides.
- The sequence of amino acids forms a protein's primary structure.
- A chain of amino acids folds into secondary structures like Alpha helices and Beta pleated sheets.
- These then fold further into a tertiary structure.
- If multiple polypeptide chains come together, a quaternary structure results.
- Examples of peptides/proteins: Bradykinin (a peptide hormone), G protein-coupled receptor.
- These structures determine their functions.
Proteins and Multimerization
- Proteins can "multimerize" by combining with other proteins.
- This forms a complex with a more specialized function.
- Examples of complex functional units: heterotetrameric Voltage-gated potassium channel, which is a protein composed of multiple subunits.
Protein Domains
- Proteins have repeating structural features called domains.
- Domains create complexity in protein structures.
- Domains of GPCRs (G Protein-Coupled Receptors) are repeating structural features, and transmembrane-spanning domains are an example of this.
Protein Versatility
- Proteins demonstrate diverse structures (and hence functions).
- Bradykinin is a peptide hormone involved in regulating blood pressure.
Definitions
- Ligand: A molecule that forms a complex with a biomolecule.
- Biomolecule: A molecule created by a living organism (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids).
- Agonist: A ligand that triggers a physiological response by binding to a receptor (external chemical signal).
- Receptor: A biomolecule that initiates a physiological function when it forms a complex with an agonist; it receives an external chemical signal and mediates responses.
- Antagonist: A ligand that inhibits agonist-mediated receptor activation.
Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the experimental study of chemical control of physiology.
- It uses precise control of physiological functions through the precise application of exogenous chemicals.
- An independent variable is something you control (chemical concentration).
- A dependent variable is something you observe (physiological response).
- The concentration-response function is a central concept in pharmacology.
- Pharmacology seeks to define the lawful functional relationship between chemical concentration and a physiological response.
Pharmacology-Related Disciplines
- Pharmacodynamics: Focuses on ligand-receptor interactions (specifically, what the drug does to the body).
- Pharmacokinetics: Focuses on what happens to the drug as it moves through the body (processes are ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion).
- Modern therapeutics, experimental therapeutics, and drug discovery are pharmacology-related applications, along with pharmacognosy.
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