Lec 1 PDF - Organic Molecules & Biological Macromolecules

The Four Most Important “Building Block” Organic Molecules Used By Cells Monosaccharides Glucose, Fructose Nucleotides ATP (adenosine triphosphate), AMP (adenosine monophosphate), GTP (guanosine triphosphate) Fatty Acids (a...

The Four Most Important “Building Block” Organic Molecules Used By Cells Monosaccharides Glucose, Fructose Nucleotides ATP (adenosine triphosphate), AMP (adenosine monophosphate), GTP (guanosine triphosphate) Fatty Acids (a type of “lipid”) Oleic Acid, Omega 3 Fatty Acids Amino Acids Glutamate (glutamic acid), tryptophan, serine, threonine You will be expected to be able to identify all of these by their molecular structure  Biological Macromolecules A key feature of the macromolecules is their capacity for polymerization Efficiently assembling building block units to form large complex molecules with emergent properties necessary for supporting life functions The action is called polymerization Each building block unit is referred to as a monomer Combination of two units makes a dimer, three units a trimer, four units a tetramer, five units a pentamer, etc. Generally, an oligomer consists of a few units, and a polymer contains many monomers Each of the building block units have some biological function of its own, independent of participation in polymerization Examples ATP—energy currency of the cell, neurotransmitter/hormone Glutamic acid—nutrient, neurotransmitter Glucose—nutrient  Examples of Monomers/Polymers Important for Life MONOMER POLYMER Carbohydrates After polymer action creates> Glucose Amylose (starch) Nucleotides/Nucleic Acids After polymer action creates> Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) RNA Examples of Lipid Monomers/Polymers Important for Life MONOMER Lipids POLYMER General Fatty Acid After polymer action creates> Palmitic Acid Methylene Group Fatty Acids/Triglycerides And Phospholipids Triglyceride Containing Palmitic, Oleic, and Linolenic Acid After polymer action creates> Palmitic Acid Glycerol Phospholipid General Structure Peptides and Proteins are Polymers of Amino Acid Monomers MONOMER POLYMER Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg Oligopeptide After polymer action creates> Brdykinin General Structure Protein G Protein-coupled Receptor Amino Acids Polymerize to form Peptides Dipeptide w Tripeptide Polypeptides Fold Upon Themselves to Create Complex Protein Structures  Proteins can “Multimerize” by Combining with Other Proteins to Form a Still More Complex Functional Unit Voltage-gated Potassium Channel Heterotetrameric pore-forming α subunits View of the channel from the top Heterotetrameric regulatory β subunits By Andrei Lomize - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34168784 Protein “Domains” are Repeating Structural Features that Build Further Structural Complexity Transmembrane spanning domains of a GPCR  Versatility of Protein Chemistry Creates a Vast Array of Protein Structures (and therefore) Functions Bradykinin, a peptide hormone Involved in regulating blood pressure (nine amino acids) (Space-filling model of bradykinin) By Fvasconcellos - Own work, from PubChem CID 439201, Public Domain, By Andrei Lomize - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1628513 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34168784  Definitions Ligand – A molecule that forms a complex (binds to) a biomolecule Biomolecule – A molecule generated by a living organism Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids Agonist – A ligand that causes a physiological response by binding to a receptor External chemical signal (chemical stimulus) A biochemical force Receptor – A biomolecule that initiates a physiological function when it forms a complex with an agonist Receiver of the external chemical signal A lever that controls a particular physiology Antagonist – A ligand that interferes with or blocks agonist-mediated receptor activation of physiology  What is Pharmacology? Pharmacology is the experimental study of the chemical control of physiology – How does pharmacology gain knowledge about physiology? The precise control of physiological functions through precise exogenous application of chemicals – Independent variable: Chemical concentration – Dependent variable: Measure of physiological response Pharmacology seeks to define the lawful functional relationship between concentration of a chemical and a physiological response – That lawful functional relationship is referred to as the concentration-response (or dose-response) function and is the central unifying principle of the basic science of pharmacology  Pharmacology is a Basic Scientific Discipline with Highly Valued Applications Basic Science Applications Pharmacology Pharmacology-related Pharmacodynamics Pharmacy – Ligand/receptor interactions – Modern therapeutics – “What the drug does to the body” – Pharmacognosy Pharmacokinetics Experimental Therapeutics – What happens to the drug on its way – Drug Discovery to the receptor – ADME Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination – “What the body does to the drug”