Biological Evidence in Forensic Science
94 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What kind of tests are fast, sensitive, and can be done at the scene to determine the presence of physiological fluid stain from a human?

  • Protein typing
  • Presumptive testing (correct)
  • Confirmatory testing
  • Species testing

    • Which type of testing allows for unequivocal identification of the biological material but may be less sensitive and more time-consuming?

  • Confirmatory testing
  • Species testing (correct)
  • Protein typing
  • Presumptive testing

    • What kind of markers can distinguish different animal species?

  • Confirmatory testing
  • Protein typing
  • Presumptive testing
  • DNA typing (correct)

    • In the context of biological evidence, what is needed to ask the right questions with regard to evidence analysis?

    <p>A scientist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In forensic genealogy, what is GEDmatch used for?

    <p>To search for relatives using DNA data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of low copy number DNA in forensic analysis?

    <p>It requires more stringent amplification conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of familial DNA testing in forensic investigations?

    <p>To find a relative whose DNA profile is in the CODIS database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can degrade DNA in the environment?

    <p>Time, temperature, humidity, light, and chemical/environmental hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $f(x) = -4(x + 3)^2 + 2$. What does this equation represent?

    <p>$f(x)$ represents a parabola that opens downwards with vertex $(-3, 2)$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $g(x) = rac{1}{x}$. What type of function is $g(x)$?

    <p>$g(x)$ represents a reciprocal function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause false positive results in DNA testing?

    <p>Matching at multiple loci without considering other factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of alleles are detected in STR analysis?

    <p>Short Tandem Repeat (STR) alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the UK Burglary Suspect case mentioned in the text?

    <p>The suspect was falsely identified based on false positive DNA testing results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of substrate control in forensic investigations?

    <p>To ensure that contaminants from the environment do not interfere with analysis results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis help identify?

    <p>Maternal lineage and identification of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be uploaded to GEDmatch for forensic genealogy purposes?

    <p>DNA data from 23andMe and Ancestry.com</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is well developed for forensic analysis of blood?

    <p>Morphological characteristics and DNA analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the uniqueness of individuals and their biological materials?

    <p>Polymorphisms in proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is classified as secretors?

    <p>Around 80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is correlated with secretor status and impacts the analysis of mixed stains in sexual assault cases?

    <p>$ABO$ agglutinogens presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for accurate interpretation in DNA analysis?

    <p>Sensitivity and specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may offer a potential solution for distinguishing identical twins using current forensic DNA STR typing methods?

    <p>Epigenomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows for individualization based on DNA?

    <p>DNA sequences in chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common sources of DNA at crime scenes?

    <p>Blood, semen, saliva, urine, hair, teeth, bone, tissue only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emphasizes the importance of proper collection and handling protocols for biological evidence?

    <p>The susceptibility of biological evidence to contamination or destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of testing is fast, sensitive, and can be done at the scene to determine the presence of physiological fluid stain from a human?

    <p>Molecular testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of markers can distinguish different animal species?

    <p>Mitochondrial DNA markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emphasizes the importance of proper collection and handling protocols for biological evidence?

    <p>The uniqueness of biological materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for accurate interpretation in DNA analysis?

    <p>$STR$ analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of forensic DNA analysis?

    <p>To identify the source of biological evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of secretor status on body fluids?

    <p>It affects the presence of ABO agglutinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique may offer a potential solution for distinguishing identical twins using current forensic DNA STR typing methods?

    <p>Epigenomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common source of DNA at crime scenes?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $f(x) = -4(x + 3)^2 + 2$. What does this equation represent?

    <p>Quadratic function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $g(x) = \frac{1}{x}$. What type of function is $g(x)$?

    <p>Rational function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of low copy number DNA in forensic analysis?

    <p>It refers to the small amount of DNA that can be used for analysis, which is crucial in cases where only a minute sample is available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emphasizes the importance of proper collection and handling protocols for biological evidence?

    <p>The risk of contamination and degradation of biological samples due to environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the uniqueness of individuals and their biological materials?

    <p>The variability in DNA profiles, including low copy number DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause false positive results in DNA testing?

    <p>Secondary transfer of DNA from one surface to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $g(x) = \rac{1},{x}$. What type of function is $g(x)$?

    <p>$g(x)$ represents a reciprocal function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $f(x) = -4(x + 3)^2 + 2$. What does this equation represent?

    <p>$f(x)$ represents a quadratic function with a vertex at $(-3, 2)$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal environment for preservation of biological evidence?

    <p>Dry and frozen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of familial DNA testing in forensic investigations?

    <p>It helps in identifying potential relatives of the DNA source when the DNA profile is not in CODIS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does low copy number DNA refer to in forensic analysis?

    <p>DNA profiles obtained from a few skin cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does GEDmatch, mentioned in the text, serve as a database for?

    <p>Forensic genealogy purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of markers are detected in STR analysis for forensic DNA profiling?

    <p>Autosomal markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the UK Burglary Suspect case mentioned in the text?

    <p>It raised concerns about false positive results in DNA testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause false negative results in DNA testing?

    <p>Presence of multiple offenders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was used to identify Tsarina and 3 daughters, as mentioned in the LA Times Article?

    <p>mtDNA analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis help identify?

    <p>Maternal lineage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can degrade DNA in the environment according to the text?

    <p>Light and microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emphasizes the importance of proper collection and handling protocols for biological evidence?

    <p>Documentation of visual and written evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biological specificity screening tests are less sensitive and more time-consuming than confirmatory tests.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondrial DNA analysis is used to identify the source of physiological fluid stains from humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forensic DNA analysis is always approached with the 'big picture' in mind, considering the totality of the physical evidence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Familial DNA testing in forensic investigations can cause false positive results in DNA testing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA analysis can definitively identify the source of biological materials at a crime scene.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contamination of biological samples can be completely avoided by using gloves and proper packaging.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forensic genealogy involves searching for DNA sources in the CODIS database.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low copy number DNA analysis is not applicable in forensic investigations due to its destructive nature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis can help identify the physical appearance of the DNA source.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The alleles detected in STR analysis for forensic DNA profiling are not unique to individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    False positive results in DNA testing can occur due to the presence of advanced Parkinson's disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The UK Burglary Suspect case demonstrated the potential for false negatives in DNA testing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forensic DNA analysis can supplant other areas of evidential analysis in forensic science.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GEDmatch is a database used for forensic genealogy purposes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis can definitively identify the source of biological materials at a crime scene.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Familial DNA testing in forensic investigations involves looking for a relative whose DNA profile is already in the CODIS database.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forensic DNA analysis seeks to identify the source of biological evidence and may employ techniques such as electrophoresis, ELISA, and DNA/RNA typing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identical twins can be distinguished using current forensic DNA STR typing methods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polymorphisms in proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides do not contribute to the uniqueness of individuals and their biological materials.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of ABO agglutinogens in body fluids is not affected by secretor status.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every human being is biologically unique due to the different sequences of DNA in their chromosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biological evidence can easily be contaminated or destroyed, emphasizing the unimportance of proper collection and handling protocols.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methods of analysis for blood are well developed for forensic purposes, while methods for other biological fluids do not vary in sophistication.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA analysis cannot link a suspect to a crime scene or victim.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secretor status is not correlated with the Lewis system and does not impact the analysis of mixed stains in sexual assault cases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semen is not commonly encountered in crimes of assault, homicide, and sexual assault.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forensic analysis for physiological fluids and DNA does not play a crucial role in crimes of assault, homicide, and sexual assault.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Morphological characteristics and DNA analysis are not used for unequivocal identification of physiological fluids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the physiological fluid with its method of analysis:

    <p>Blood = Well-developed methods for forensic purposes Saliva = Varied in sophistication for forensic purposes Urine = Varied in sophistication for forensic purposes Semen = Varied in sophistication for forensic purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the biological material with its impact on DNA analysis:

    <p>Secretor status = Affects the presence of ABO agglutinogens in body fluids Lewis system = Impacts the analysis of mixed stains in sexual assault cases Nuclear DNA = Used for unequivocal identification of physiological fluids Mitochondrial DNA = Used to identify the source of physiological fluid stains from humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the DNA analysis technique with its purpose:

    <p>Electrophoresis = Employed for identifying the source of biological evidence ELISA = Employed for identifying the source of biological evidence DNA/RNA typing = Employed for identifying the source of biological evidence Epigenomics = Potential solution for distinguishing identical twins using current forensic DNA STR typing methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the factor affecting DNA uniqueness with its description:

    <p>Polymorphisms in proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides = Contribute to the uniqueness of individuals and their biological materials Low copy number DNA = Destructive nature limits its applicability in forensic investigations Identical twins' DNA sequences = Cannot be distinguished using current forensic DNA STR typing methods Different sequences of DNA in chromosomes = Allows for individualization based on DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following DNA analysis techniques with their applications:

    <p>Low Copy Number DNA analysis = Requires more stringent amplification conditions Forensic Genealogy = Searching for the DNA source by looking for a relative whose DNA profile is in the CODIS database Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis = Used to assess the physical appearance of the DNA source Familial DNA testing = Used when the source DNA profile is NOT already in CODIS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their impact on DNA preservation:

    <p>Time = Can degrade DNA Temperature = Can degrade DNA Humidity (microorganisms) = Can degrade DNA Dry and frozen environment = Ideal for preservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following DNA profiling terms with their meanings:

    <p>Alleles = Variant forms of a gene STR = Short Tandem Repeat, used in DNA profiling Phenotypes = Physical characteristics determined by genes Heteroplasmy = Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell or individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scenarios with their implications in DNA analysis:

    <p>DNA False Positive = May lead to wrongful arrest or accusation DNA False Negative = May result in failure to identify the true source of DNA Advanced Parkinson’s disease = Can affect the accuracy of DNA testing Multiple offenders = Complicates interpretation of DNA evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following forensic case examples with their outcomes:

    <p>1999 UK case: man arrested based on 6 loci match to burglary scene sample = Highlighted issues of interpretation and false positive results in DNA testing UK Burglary Suspect with advanced Parkinson’s disease = Excluded and released after further loci testing performed at his lawyer’s request Cigarette butt tested from each scene in related burglaries = Odds of false match were calculated, considering the chance of a relative committing crime Identification of Tsarina and 3 daughters by mtDNA = Technical difficulties encountered in identifying Tsar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with their implications in forensic DNA analysis:

    <p>Use of a condom = May complicate identification of DNA source Earlier/later consensual contact with another person = May lead to mixed stains, impacting accurate interpretation Innocence Project: Kerry Kotler = Advocates for careful interpretation of all areas of forensic evidence analysis DNA as an incredibly powerful tool but cannot supplant other evidential analysis = Emphasizes the need for careful interpretation in all areas of forensic evidence analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following biological evidence testing techniques with their descriptions:

    <p>Presumptive testing = Fast, sensitive tests, many of which can be done &quot;at the scene&quot; Confirmatory testing = Is the physiological fluid stain from a human. If not, then what species of animal is the source of the non-human bloodstain. Species testing = Specificity: unequivocal identification of the biological material. Frequently less sensitive and may be more time consuming. Protein typing = Traditional technique used for individualization based on DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Biological Specificity = Screening tests to determine if a physiological fluid stain is from a human, and if not, to identify the species of animal. Individualization = The process of seeking the 'big picture' by considering the totality of the physical evidence to determine the source of unknown biological evidence. Familial DNA testing = Involves looking for a relative whose DNA profile is already in the CODIS database for forensic genealogy purposes. DNA typing = Current technique used for individualization based on DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of DNA analysis with their significance in forensic investigations:

    <p>Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis = Can help identify the source of biological materials at a crime scene, including physical appearance of the DNA source. Low copy number DNA analysis = Refers to analyzing minute amounts of DNA that may be present in forensic samples, allowing for identification in cases where DNA is scarce. Forensic DNA analysis = Approached with the 'big picture' in mind, considering the totality of the physical evidence to determine the source of unknown biological evidence. STR analysis = Detects alleles unique to individuals for forensic DNA profiling purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Non-scientist investigators' consideration of biological evidence tests = May occur without reference to its applicability to answering pertinent questions, emphasizing the need for scientists to ask the right questions during evidence analysis. Totality of physical evidence analysis = Emphasizes thinking beyond 'tests' applied to 'items' and considering what can be learned from all physical evidence to determine the source of unknown biological evidence. Contamination of biological samples = Is not completely avoidable by using gloves and proper packaging, highlighting the importance of proper collection and handling protocols for biological evidence. Biological material individualization based on DNA = Involves seeking beyond 'tests' and 'items' to determine who is the source of unknown biological evidence by considering all physical evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Forensic Analysis of Physiological Fluids and DNA

    • Blood, semen, saliva, urine, and other biological fluids are commonly encountered in crimes of assault, homicide, and sexual assault.
    • Methods of analysis for blood are well developed for forensic purposes, while methods for other biological fluids vary in sophistication.
    • Morphological characteristics and DNA analysis, including nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, are used for unequivocal identification of physiological fluids.
    • Polymorphisms in proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides contribute to the uniqueness of individuals and their biological materials.
    • Secretor status, controlled genetically, affects the presence of ABO agglutinogens in body fluids, with around 80% of the population classified as secretors.
    • Secretor status is correlated with another cellular antigen system known as the Lewis system, impacting the analysis of mixed stains in sexual assault cases.
    • DNA analysis can link a suspect to a crime scene or victim, with sensitivity, specificity, and controls being crucial for accurate interpretation.
    • Common sources of DNA at crime scenes include blood, semen, saliva, urine, hair, teeth, bone, and tissue, as well as pattern evidence like fingerprints.
    • Biological evidence can easily be contaminated or destroyed, emphasizing the importance of proper collection and handling protocols.
    • Forensic DNA analysis seeks to identify the source of biological evidence and may employ techniques such as electrophoresis, ELISA, and DNA/RNA typing.
    • Identical twins cannot be distinguished using current forensic DNA STR typing methods, but epigenomics may offer a potential solution for differentiation.
    • Every human being is biologically unique due to the different sequences of DNA in their chromosomes, allowing for individualization based on DNA.

    Forensic Analysis of Physiological Fluids and DNA

    • Blood, semen, saliva, urine, and other biological fluids are commonly encountered in crimes of assault, homicide, and sexual assault.
    • Methods of analysis for blood are well developed for forensic purposes, while methods for other biological fluids vary in sophistication.
    • Morphological characteristics and DNA analysis, including nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, are used for unequivocal identification of physiological fluids.
    • Polymorphisms in proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides contribute to the uniqueness of individuals and their biological materials.
    • Secretor status, controlled genetically, affects the presence of ABO agglutinogens in body fluids, with around 80% of the population classified as secretors.
    • Secretor status is correlated with another cellular antigen system known as the Lewis system, impacting the analysis of mixed stains in sexual assault cases.
    • DNA analysis can link a suspect to a crime scene or victim, with sensitivity, specificity, and controls being crucial for accurate interpretation.
    • Common sources of DNA at crime scenes include blood, semen, saliva, urine, hair, teeth, bone, and tissue, as well as pattern evidence like fingerprints.
    • Biological evidence can easily be contaminated or destroyed, emphasizing the importance of proper collection and handling protocols.
    • Forensic DNA analysis seeks to identify the source of biological evidence and may employ techniques such as electrophoresis, ELISA, and DNA/RNA typing.
    • Identical twins cannot be distinguished using current forensic DNA STR typing methods, but epigenomics may offer a potential solution for differentiation.
    • Every human being is biologically unique due to the different sequences of DNA in their chromosomes, allowing for individualization based on DNA.

    Forensic Analysis of Physiological Fluids and DNA

    • Blood, semen, saliva, urine, and other biological fluids are commonly encountered in crimes of assault, homicide, and sexual assault.
    • Methods of analysis for blood are well developed for forensic purposes, while methods for other biological fluids vary in sophistication.
    • Morphological characteristics and DNA analysis, including nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, are used for unequivocal identification of physiological fluids.
    • Polymorphisms in proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides contribute to the uniqueness of individuals and their biological materials.
    • Secretor status, controlled genetically, affects the presence of ABO agglutinogens in body fluids, with around 80% of the population classified as secretors.
    • Secretor status is correlated with another cellular antigen system known as the Lewis system, impacting the analysis of mixed stains in sexual assault cases.
    • DNA analysis can link a suspect to a crime scene or victim, with sensitivity, specificity, and controls being crucial for accurate interpretation.
    • Common sources of DNA at crime scenes include blood, semen, saliva, urine, hair, teeth, bone, and tissue, as well as pattern evidence like fingerprints.
    • Biological evidence can easily be contaminated or destroyed, emphasizing the importance of proper collection and handling protocols.
    • Forensic DNA analysis seeks to identify the source of biological evidence and may employ techniques such as electrophoresis, ELISA, and DNA/RNA typing.
    • Identical twins cannot be distinguished using current forensic DNA STR typing methods, but epigenomics may offer a potential solution for differentiation.
    • Every human being is biologically unique due to the different sequences of DNA in their chromosomes, allowing for individualization based on DNA.

    Forensic Analysis of Physiological Fluids and DNA

    • Blood, semen, saliva, urine, and other biological fluids are commonly encountered in crimes of assault, homicide, and sexual assault.
    • Methods of analysis for blood are well developed for forensic purposes, while methods for other biological fluids vary in sophistication.
    • Morphological characteristics and DNA analysis, including nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, are used for unequivocal identification of physiological fluids.
    • Polymorphisms in proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides contribute to the uniqueness of individuals and their biological materials.
    • Secretor status, controlled genetically, affects the presence of ABO agglutinogens in body fluids, with around 80% of the population classified as secretors.
    • Secretor status is correlated with another cellular antigen system known as the Lewis system, impacting the analysis of mixed stains in sexual assault cases.
    • DNA analysis can link a suspect to a crime scene or victim, with sensitivity, specificity, and controls being crucial for accurate interpretation.
    • Common sources of DNA at crime scenes include blood, semen, saliva, urine, hair, teeth, bone, and tissue, as well as pattern evidence like fingerprints.
    • Biological evidence can easily be contaminated or destroyed, emphasizing the importance of proper collection and handling protocols.
    • Forensic DNA analysis seeks to identify the source of biological evidence and may employ techniques such as electrophoresis, ELISA, and DNA/RNA typing.
    • Identical twins cannot be distinguished using current forensic DNA STR typing methods, but epigenomics may offer a potential solution for differentiation.
    • Every human being is biologically unique due to the different sequences of DNA in their chromosomes, allowing for individualization based on DNA.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Biological Evidence Past Paper PDF FOS 706 F20

    Description

    Test your knowledge of biological evidence and serology in forensic science with this quiz. Explore topics such as the identification, collection, and testing of biological samples at crime scenes.

    More Like This

    Introduction to Forensic Science FOS 706
    19 questions

    Introduction to Forensic Science FOS 706

    IssueFreeConsciousness avatar
    IssueFreeConsciousness
    Biological Evidence
    58 questions

    Biological Evidence

    MizzScholar24 avatar
    MizzScholar24
    Recogida de Indicios Biológicos en la Etapa 3
    14 questions

    Recogida de Indicios Biológicos en la Etapa 3

    FlatteringRooster avatar
    FlatteringRooster
    Preservation of Biological Evidence at Crime Scenes
    10 questions

    Preservation of Biological Evidence at Crime Scenes

    ExtraordinaryIndianapolis avatar
    ExtraordinaryIndianapolis
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser