Biological Anthropology and Four-Field Approach
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Questions and Answers

What disease, associated with cannibalism in New Guinea, primarily affects elderly women due to the consumption of brain tissue?

  • Mad Cow Disease
  • Huntington's Disease
  • Kuru (correct)
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

    • What type of social behavior is exhibited by bonobos that distinguishes them from other primates?

  • Aggression and dominance hierarchies
  • Altruism and compassion (correct)
  • Vocalization complexity
  • Isolation and territoriality

    • Which of the following accurately describes the role of infanticide in hunter-gatherer societies?

  • It occurs only in times of food scarcity.
  • It is a strategy to ensure group survival. (correct)
  • It is primarily performed on elderly individuals.
  • It is only a ritualistic practice during specific ceremonies.

    • What is the genetic similarity percentage between bonobos and humans?

    <p>98.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect distinguishes human vocalization from vocalizations in primates?

    <p>Human vocalization is used for speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of food typically has a status that circulates as a gift?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Marcel Mauss, what is essential for a society to exist?

    <p>The act of giving gifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of L.H. Morgan's model corresponds to a society with agriculture?

    <p>Civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Marx's classification, which society is characterized by the absence of class structure?

    <p>Primitive society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'feudalism' primarily refer to in Marx's model?

    <p>Serfdom and land ownership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main metal used in tools after the Bronze Age according to the content?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is said to occur before the domestication of animals, based on the provided information?

    <p>Agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the principal economic structure in medieval society according to the content?

    <p>Feudalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior is noted as characteristic of chimpanzees and gorillas?

    <p>They fight but do not kill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder has a notable prevalence among Ashkenazi Jews?

    <p>Huntington's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of archeology focuses on civilizations' transitions over time?

    <p>Patterns and explanations of change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is linked to hypertension among black descendants from West Africa?

    <p>Limited urination due to environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of human evolution identifies Homo erectus as existing approximately 1.9 million years ago?

    <p>Smithsonian Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for genetic phenomena observed in the Antioquia region of Medellin, Colombia?

    <p>Founder effect and bottleneck effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature that archeologists study about ancient civilizations?

    <p>Material remains such as artifacts and features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical civilization is associated with the jungles of Southeast Asia?

    <p>Mayan civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Physical Anthropology?

    <p>Studying biological aspects of humans using technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 4 field approach in anthropology primarily emphasize?

    <p>Integrating multiple disciplinary perspectives in anthropology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach considers the interaction of biology and culture in anthropology?

    <p>Biocultural approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does connotation refer to in linguistic terms?

    <p>The implied meaning or nuance of a word</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the founder of anthropology, known for his writings on culture?

    <p>Johann Gottfried Herder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Oldowan tools in the study of anthropology?

    <p>They are the oldest known stone tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which linguistic approach focuses on the structure of a language system at a given point in time?

    <p>Synchronic linguistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one focus of the Prague School's linguistic theory?

    <p>The function of elements within language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Herder's ideas influence the concept of culture?

    <p>He saw folklore as a unique source of local culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of distinctive-feature analysis, what does the term 'voiced' refer to?

    <p>Sounds produced with vibration of the vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Boas and Herder's ideas about culture?

    <p>Boas expanded on Herder's idea that culture is unique to each community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) structure?

    <p>John saw Mary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Kultur' refer to in the context of anthropology?

    <p>Culture as an idea related to specific local traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does diachronic linguistics study?

    <p>The historical development of language elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following demonstrates an inverted sentence that remains grammatically correct but is awkward in speech?

    <p>Si Maria ay nakita ni Juan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the distinctive-feature analysis in the context of phonetics?

    <p>It emphasizes the contrast in articulatory and acoustic features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anthropology?

    <p>The study of man and culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is often referred to as the 'father of Philippine anthropology'?

    <p>Henry Otley Byer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fields is NOT a part of American anthropology?

    <p>Psychological Anthropology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Boasian Anthropology' refer to?

    <p>The four field approach to anthropology developed by Franz Boas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homo erectus fossils have been found in the Philippines.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher's ideas influenced Franz Boas's concept of culture?

    <p>Johann Gottfried Herder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The oldest known stone tools are called _____.

    <p>Oldowan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Linguistic Anthropology?

    <p>The study of human language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for the concept of Functionalism in anthropology?

    <p>David Émile Durkheim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Anthropology

    • Biological Anthropology is the study of human biology within an evolutionary framework, often aided by technology.
    • Individuals working in Biological Anthropology often have background in Biology or Medicine.

    Four-Field Approach

    • The "Four-Field Approach" is a foundational concept in anthropology, encompassing cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics.
    • The Four-Field Approach is also called Boasian Anthropology, named after Franz Boas.
    • The Four-Field Approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of human cultures and their biological, archaeological, and linguistic dimensions.

    Culture

    • Culture represents the learned behaviors, beliefs, and traditions that distinguish human groups.
    • Culture is not fixed; it is dynamic and can be transmitted through generations.
    • The concept of "Kultur" originated in Germany and emphasized a nation's history, language, and traditions.
    • Johann Gottfried Herder, a German philosopher, proposed that cultures are unique and should be respected.
    • Herder's ideas influenced Franz Boas, who believed culture is "in the mind" and can be transmitted across different environments.

    Anthropology in the Philippines

    • The Four-Field Approach is prevalent in Philippine Anthropology.
    • Homo erectus tools have been found in the Philippines, but no fossils have been discovered.
    • "Oldowan" refers to the oldest known stone tools.

    Genetics

    • Genetics plays a crucial role in understanding human evolution and diversity.
    • Genetic studies can reveal inherited traits, including those that contribute to certain diseases.
    • Examples of gene-related health conditions include Huntington's disease, hypertension, diabetes, and early onset dementia.
    • The "founder effect" refers to a loss of genetic diversity when a new population is established by a small group of individuals.
    • The "bottleneck effect" occurs when a population experiences a sudden decline in size, reducing genetic diversity.
    • Evidence of Denisovan introgression has been found in certain groups in the Philippines and Melanesia.

    Smithsonian Model of Human Evolution

    • The Smithsonian Model of Human Evolution outlines the major stages of human evolution, with key species and approximate time periods.
    • Australopithecus africanus: ~3.6 million years ago
    • Homo erectus: ~1.9 million years ago
    • Homo sapiens: ~300,000 years ago (earliest humans, often referred to as "archaic" Homo sapiens)
    • Homo sapiens sapiens: ~160,000 years ago (anatomically modern humans, AAMH)

    Archaeology

    • Archaeology is the study of past societies through the analysis of material remains, including artifacts and features.
    • It focuses on understanding how people lived, where they lived, when they lived, and "why" they lived in certain places.
    • Archaeological research can shed light on historical changes, including the rise and fall of civilizations.
    • The concepts of gift giving and reciprocity play a significant role in understanding past societies; a concept developed by Marcel Mauss who wrote a book on the subject.

    Linguistic Anthropology

    • Linguistic Anthropology examines language in its social and cultural contexts.
    • The study of language focuses on its structure, function, and historical development.
    • Linguistic Anthropology can help uncover cultural beliefs, social structures, and historical patterns.

    The Prague School

    • The Prague School, a group of linguists, focused on contrasting elements within language, forming a "system" of contrasts.
    • It developed the concept of "distinctive-feature analysis" to analyze the unique characteristics that differentiate speech sounds.
    • This school of thought influenced modern theories of transformational grammar, examining how word order and sentence structure can be manipulated.

    Anthropology

    • The study of humankind
    • Founded by Henry Otley Beyer, an American chemist from Harvard, known as "the father of Philippine anthropology"
    • Examined through four fields: cultural, linguistic, archeological, and physical (biological) anthropology
    • 4-field approach is also called Boasian Anthropology after Franz Boas, an American-Jew

    Cultural Anthropology

    • Focuses on the study of social organization based on kinship among people
    • Also called "Social Anthropology" in the United Kingdom
    • Studies both traditional (indigenous) and modern society
    • Often hindered by challenges in accessing indigenous communities due to:
      • Difficulty in obtaining clearance from the National Commission of Indigenous People (NCIP)
      • Paradigm shift in anthropology, which led to a focus on contemporary society
      • Research cost, logistics, and potential risks associated with unfamiliar societies

    Linguistic Anthropology

    • Emerged from the interest in philology (the study of language)
    • Initially lacked a specific methodology and was driven by enthusiasts

    Archeology

    • Study of the past without focusing on culture
    • Incorporates specialist knowledge

    Physical Anthropology (Biological Anthropology)

    • Relies on sophisticated technology and lab equipment
    • Often taught by individuals with backgrounds in biology or medicine

    Boasian Anthropology

    • Developed by Franz Boas
    • Emphasizes a multi-faceted approach to anthropology
    • Acknowledges the impact of cultural influences on human behavior
    • Recognizes culture as a powerful force that shapes human experience

    Cultural as Ideas

    • Culture is "in the mind" according to Franz Boas
    • It is a shared understanding and practice within a society
    • Often linked to national identity and local traditions
    • Herder's ideas on "Kultur" (culture) influenced Boas

    Johann Gottfried Herder

    • Posits that culture is unique to each nation
    • Believed that language determines thought and along with culture, constructs a nation
    • Emphasized the role of folklore in shaping cultural identity
    • His ideas influenced Boas and the understanding of culture as a shared and learned concept.

    Émile Durkheim (Functionalism)

    • Emphasizes "Society" - Culture as shared beliefs and values that integrate individuals and social groups.

    Homo Erectus in the Philippines

    • Only stone tools have been found, no human fossils
    • Oldowan tools are the oldest known stone tools.

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    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of Biological Anthropology and the Four-Field Approach. Delve into how human biology is studied within an evolutionary context and the significance of culture in shaping human diversity. This quiz covers key principles and historical influences within the field of anthropology.

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