Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which factor is most likely to reduce involvement in deviant behaviors?
Which factor is most likely to reduce involvement in deviant behaviors?
A weakened bond in social relationships can lead to an increased risk of deviance.
A weakened bond in social relationships can lead to an increased risk of deviance.
True
What does the term 'commitment' refer to in the context of social values?
What does the term 'commitment' refer to in the context of social values?
The degree to which individuals are involved with their surroundings and the fear of damaging their reputation.
If individuals do not agree with the laws of a society, they are more likely to engage in ______.
If individuals do not agree with the laws of a society, they are more likely to engage in ______.
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Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions:
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Which perspective focuses on biological and psychological factors to explain crime and criminals?
Which perspective focuses on biological and psychological factors to explain crime and criminals?
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The upstream investigation of crime suggests questioning the status quo and looking for proactive solutions.
The upstream investigation of crime suggests questioning the status quo and looking for proactive solutions.
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What is a limitation of positivist theories in criminology?
What is a limitation of positivist theories in criminology?
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The ____ perspective emphasizes immediate reactions to crime without questioning broader societal issues.
The ____ perspective emphasizes immediate reactions to crime without questioning broader societal issues.
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Match the criminological concepts with their characteristics:
Match the criminological concepts with their characteristics:
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What does Matza's concept of drift primarily emphasize?
What does Matza's concept of drift primarily emphasize?
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In the framework of determinism, individuals have absolute free will and no societal influence.
In the framework of determinism, individuals have absolute free will and no societal influence.
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What are chronic drifters in the context of Matza's delinquent drift theory?
What are chronic drifters in the context of Matza's delinquent drift theory?
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The concept of __________ contrasts deterministic views by suggesting individuals have some freedom of choice influenced by societal factors.
The concept of __________ contrasts deterministic views by suggesting individuals have some freedom of choice influenced by societal factors.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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How does soft determinism differ from hard determinism?
How does soft determinism differ from hard determinism?
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Matza's theory merges classical and sociological positivism.
Matza's theory merges classical and sociological positivism.
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Identify the main societal factors that can lead individuals to drift towards delinquency.
Identify the main societal factors that can lead individuals to drift towards delinquency.
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Study Notes
Biological and Psychological Positivist Theories
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Treatment (complex power) was hopeful, believing that once differences were understood, they could be treated, leading to rehabilitation programs aimed at restoring individuals to a healthier state for adapting to society. Treatment methods were diverse but could be intrusive and harmful.
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Eugenics (problematic power) involved the elimination of perceived undesirable characteristics in humans, including disabilities, physical, emotional, mental, and intellectual deficiencies. This was a problematic power dynamic with coercive, and sometimes harmful and unethical, sterilization practices.
Assessment of Biological and Psychological Positivism
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Focus on the individual level, attributing deviance to internal factors within the person, ignoring broader social factors.
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Overly deterministic, giving little consideration to choice, free will, and agency in individual behavior; overlooking wider social contexts.
Biological and Psychological Positivism: Cases and Applications
- Application of not criminally responsible (NCR) in cases such as Mathew de Grood and issues of misapplication such as MAOA, and coerced and non-consensual sterilizations.
21st Century Controversies - NCR
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The NCR verdict in the case of Mathew de Grood was controversial, particularly for victim's relatives.
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Misperceptions of bias within the Canadian justice system when dealing with these cases were highlighted.
Critique Biological and Psychological Positivism
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Intrusive treatment of individuals without consent and abuses of power, especially by the state.
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Problematic assumptions linking differences to causality/responsibility, creating more harm.
Social Control Theories
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Socialization is the process by which individuals learn social norms and values in society; it is important in determining how/ why individuals conform or deviate from social expectations.
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Key elements of social control, such as attachment, involvement, commitment, and belief, determine how much individuals conform or deviate, determining the factors that make people conformist to social norms and rules.
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Strengths and weaknesses of how these theories attempt to understand why certain individuals commit crimes.
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Understanding the concept of drift and the factors that contribute to whether individuals drift toward criminal acts.
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Recognizing the role of the broader social context in understanding and managing crime (upstream vs downstream ideas in crime)
Positivism: Strengths and Limitations
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Emphasis on scientific method and objectivity to understand crime and criminals
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Positive approaches towards problem-solving in addressing specific social problems
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Limitations of oversimplification and lack of attention to complex societal factors.
The Labeling Theory
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How individuals are labeled as 'deviant' or 'criminal' and the effects of such labels on their behavior and interactions with society.
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How labeling theory challenges and builds on the consensus-based concept of crime.
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Critical issues and contexts of labeling theory.
Conclusion/Review
- Positivist perspectives focus on social disorganization, learning, functionalism, and strain theories.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of biological and psychological positivist theories, including their treatment methods and the implications of eugenics practices. This quiz assesses the strengths and weaknesses of focusing solely on individual factors in explaining deviance, while neglecting social influences and free will.
