Biological and Psychological Positivism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about coerced sterilizations is true?

  • Leilani Muir was a prominent advocate for forced sterilization practices.
  • Morningstar Mercredi was sterilized at a young age without consent. (correct)
  • Women sterilized in the 1950s were always informed beforehand.
  • The 2022 senate report supports the continuation of forced sterilization.

What perspective emphasizes that crime can be considered normal and necessary in society?

  • Functionalism (correct)
  • Strain perspective
  • Ecological perspective
  • Subcultural perspective

Which approach primarily examines socioeconomic barriers affecting individuals' behavior?

  • Biological perspective
  • Learning perspective
  • Strain perspective (correct)
  • Social control perspective

What factor does the social control perspective highlight as crucial for reducing negative outcomes in society?

<p>Strong bonds to family and community (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key outcome of the October 2024 legislative process regarding forced sterilization?

<p>The bill to criminalize forced sterilization received third reading support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant criticism of the earlier biological positivist approach to treatment?

<p>It often resulted in harmful and intrusive treatments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts relates to the sterilization practices stemming from eugenics?

<p>Preventing certain populations from reproducing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of the focus on the individual in biological and psychological positivism?

<p>It ignores wider situational and societal factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the view of individuals in positivist theories typically characterize them?

<p>As passive and overly deterministic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the ethical concerns associated with earlier positivist treatment methods?

<p>Consent was often minimal or disregarded. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of discrimination is often seen in biological and psychological positivism?

<p>Labeling and stereotyping of individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recurring theme concerning the treatment approaches in biological positivism?

<p>They are often based on subjective science and bias. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often the presumed relationship between 'difference' and 'causality' in biological positivism?

<p>Difference is incorrectly linked to causality in behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Matza emphasize about delinquency in his concept of delinquent drift?

<p>Some societal factors can influence behaviors leading to delinquency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Matza's theory, what does 'drift' represent?

<p>The constant movement between freedom and control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes soft determinism as per Matza's view?

<p>Choice and constraint coexist in varying degrees. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Matza's drift continuum redefine the understanding of free will?

<p>It examines free will as relative and conditioned by external factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Matza attribute to peers in the context of delinquency?

<p>Peers can act as a significant factor influencing delinquent behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best reflects Matza's critique of absolute determinism?

<p>It neglects the human capacity for rational choice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best captures the potential condition of individuals fluctuating between delinquency and conformity?

<p>Chronic drifting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the notion of conformity in Matza's framework?

<p>Conformity exists as a contrast to the drift experienced by individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of Sociological Positivism regarding societal conditions?

<p>It tends to ignore structural inequalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory falls under Sociological Positivism?

<p>Functionalist theories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does labeling theory criticize about Positivist Criminology?

<p>It sustains discrimination and poverty. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of upstream investigations in crime theory?

<p>They aim to prevent problems at their source. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Sociological Positivism generally explain crime?

<p>Through community and structural conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect do positivist theories predominantly focus on when explaining crime?

<p>Biological and psychological factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does labeling theory emphasize in the definition of deviance?

<p>The role of power in defining deviance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shift occurred in the focus of crime research during the 1960s?

<p>From reaction to behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of approach does a proactive crime theory suggest?

<p>Prevention of crime through identifying root causes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the limitations of positivist theories?

<p>They overlook structural and macro aspects of crime. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective is largely absent in Sociological Positivism?

<p>Critical race theory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main focuses of Social control theory?

<p>Social factors that prevent criminal behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is associated with a downstream approach in crime theory?

<p>Concentrating on immediate reactions to crime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aligns with the viewpoint that deviance is a social construct?

<p>Reactions to behavior define deviance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason labeling can become problematic?

<p>Labels can disconnect individuals from their identities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'gradualism' in Cohen's article primarily refer to?

<p>The slow evolution of criminal justice methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a failure of criminology in Cohen's 1988 article?

<p>Over-reliance on punishment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cohen emphasizes the importance of looking at which level when addressing criminological issues?

<p>Societal macro-level factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What balance does Cohen suggest in his view on optimism and impossibilism?

<p>A balance between being decisive and resilient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To what does the metaphor of 'draining the swamp' refer in Cohen's discussion?

<p>Focusing on macro-level societal problems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a strategy suggested for answering exam questions effectively?

<p>Break down the question into smaller parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following statements reflects Cohen's views on 'upstream prevention'?

<p>It emphasizes addressing root causes of crime. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should students avoid when writing written answers according to the guidelines?

<p>Rewriting the whole question (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biological Positivist Treatment

Early attempts to treat criminal or deviant behavior, often based on flawed biological theories, and sometimes harmful or intrusive.

Eugenics

A problematic ideology aiming to improve the human race by preventing reproduction of those considered 'inferior', often through sterilization.

Positivist Focus (Micro)

The tendency in early positivist theories to focus solely on individual characteristics as causes of crime or deviance, ignoring broader social factors.

Overly Deterministic

Positivist theories that overly emphasize factors that determine behavior, often neglecting choice and agency of the individual.

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Subjective Science

Scientific approaches that are influenced by biases and stereotypes concerning groups of people rather than objective analysis.

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Discriminatory Labeling

The use of labels to categorize individuals in ways that lead to discrimination or prejudice.

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Lack of Consent

Early treatments and practices lacked informed consent, potentially violating human rights and causing harm.

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Individual as Passive

Early positivist perspectives that portrayed individuals as determined by biological or psychological factors, with little or no agency or choice.

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Delinquent Drift

A concept where individuals drift between freedom and constraint in their behavior, potentially leading to delinquency influenced by societal factors.

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Soft Determinism

The idea that choices and behaviors are influenced, but not completely determined, by societal and personal factors.

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Hard Determinism

The belief that human behavior is entirely determined by factors outside of one's control.

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Drift Continuum

A spectrum that shows a range of freedom and constraint in individual behavior and choices.

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Matza's Contribution

Matza used sociology to show the relationship between society and delinquent behavior, moving away from outdated biological or psychological approaches.

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Determinism (Sociology)

The view that a person's choices and actions is constrained by societal factors.

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Classical Criminology

A perspective that considers freedom of choice in criminal behavior.

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Chronic Drifter

A person who frequently engages in delinquent behavior, constantly oscillating between freedom and constraint.

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Coerced Sterilization

The forced sterilization of individuals, often without their knowledge or consent, for reasons based on perceived 'unfitness' or societal goals.

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Leilani Muir

A Canadian woman who underwent involuntary sterilization in her youth due to a misdiagnosis and the flawed eugenics movement.

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Social Disorganization Theory

A positivist perspective that emphasizes the role of social environments, such as poverty and crime-ridden neighborhoods, in influencing criminal behavior.

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Learning Theory (Positivism)

A positivist perspective which argues that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, particularly from significant figures or social groups.

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Functionalism (Crime)

A positivist perspective that argues that crime is a natural and functional part of society, serving to reinforce social norms and boundaries.

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Motion of Drift

The idea that all individuals are influenced by social factors and can drift towards or away from deviant behavior.

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Labeling Theory Focus

This theory shifts attention from the behavior itself to how society reacts and defines it as 'deviant'.

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Sociological Positivism

A perspective that examines how social and structural factors contribute to crime and deviance.

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Macro Level Attention

Focusing on larger social forces like inequality and poverty as root causes of crime.

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Consensus Limits

Sociological positivism's focus on consensus can limit its ability to address power imbalances and systemic issues.

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Labeling and Power

Labels are not neutral, they are applied based on social power and can perpetuate inequality.

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Social Construct of Deviance

The idea that deviance is not inherent, but rather created and defined through social processes.

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Positivism vs. Labeling

Positivism seeks to explain why individuals commit crime, while labeling theory focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant.

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Criminalization

The process by which acts, individuals, or groups are defined as criminal and subjected to legal sanctions.

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Overcriminalization

The excessive use of the criminal justice system to address non-criminal issues, leading to harmful consequences.

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Upstream

Focuses on broader social and structural factors that contribute to crime. This perspective aims to understand and address the root causes of crime, such as poverty, inequality, or lack of opportunities.

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Downstream

Focuses on individual characteristics and behaviors as the main causes of crime. This perspective looks at factors like personality traits, mental health, or biological predispositions.

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Proactive Approach

Focuses on preventing crime before it happens by addressing the root causes and creating a safer environment. This approach emphasizes intervention and prevention rather than solely punishment.

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Deterministic

Believes that people's behavior is predetermined by factors beyond their control, like genetics, biology, or social conditions. It suggests individuals have little to no free will.

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Conflict Theories

View crime as a result of power struggles and inequalities within society. They challenge the status quo and argue that the powerful create laws that benefit them and disadvantage the marginalized.

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Anachronistic Criminology

Criminological theories that are outdated or no longer relevant to current understanding of crime and deviance.

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Cohen's Swamp Analogy

An analogy used by Cohen to explain the need to focus on societal factors (the 'swamp') beyond individual characteristics (the 'mosquito') when addressing crime.

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Upstream Prevention

Addressing root causes of crime and deviance in broader contexts like social inequalities, poverty, or lack of opportunities.

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Net-Widening

Expanding the scope of criminal justice interventions, often leading to more people being caught in the system.

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Political Timidity

Hesitation or reluctance on the part of policymakers to implement effective crime prevention strategies due to political concerns.

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Critical Criminology

A perspective that emphasizes societal power structures, inequality, and the role of social forces in shaping crime and deviance.

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Impossibilism vs. Optimism

A tension between acknowledging the complexity and challenges of crime prevention and maintaining a positive outlook on finding solutions.

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Final Exam Part A

The first section of the final exam focusing on the last third of the course, including multiple choice, short answer, analytical questions, and bonus questions.

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Study Notes

Biological and Psychological Positivism

  • Biological positivism, a complex power dynamic, hoped to determine the causes of crime and develop treatments.
  • Treatments were often intrusive and harmful, aiming to rehabilitate individuals.
  • Psychological counseling and intrusive surgeries were common approaches.
  • Experimental treatments led to harms and deaths, raising ethical concerns.
  • Mental health institutions expanded, separating individuals from their families.
  • Ethical consent issues were prevalent in experiments.

Eugenics

  • Eugenics, a problematic power dynamic, sought to eliminate "undesirable" traits.
  • The goal was to prevent people deemed inferior from reproducing.
  • This involved sterilization and elimination.
  • Physical, emotional, or intellectual disabilities were targeted.
  • Ethnic or racial groups were sometimes targeted for elimination.
  • Physicians carried out potentially harmful procedures on individuals.

Positivism Assessment

  • Focuses on individual factors and ignores social context
  • People are seen as passive rather than agentic.
  • There's limited consideration of environmental factors that might impact outcomes.
  • There are concerns of oversimplification and deterministic approaches.
  • The individual is perceived as the prime culprit for all issues related to crime and issues of conformity.

21st-Century Controversies

  • NCR (Not Criminally Responsible) verdicts are often controversial for victims' families.
  • There are concerns about bias within the criminal justice system.
  • Historical contexts show a lack of consideration or concern for victims' families and well-being.
  • Recent cases highlight ongoing debates in legal systems about the concept of responsibility and how it relates to certain individuals.

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Related Documents

Positivist Theories Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the complex themes of biological and psychological positivism, including the ethical dilemmas and historical implications of treatment methods. This quiz will cover topics from eugenics to invasive procedures in mental health treatment, exploring the impact on society and individuals.

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