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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements about coerced sterilizations is true?
Which of the following statements about coerced sterilizations is true?
What perspective emphasizes that crime can be considered normal and necessary in society?
What perspective emphasizes that crime can be considered normal and necessary in society?
Which approach primarily examines socioeconomic barriers affecting individuals' behavior?
Which approach primarily examines socioeconomic barriers affecting individuals' behavior?
What factor does the social control perspective highlight as crucial for reducing negative outcomes in society?
What factor does the social control perspective highlight as crucial for reducing negative outcomes in society?
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What was a key outcome of the October 2024 legislative process regarding forced sterilization?
What was a key outcome of the October 2024 legislative process regarding forced sterilization?
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What was a significant criticism of the earlier biological positivist approach to treatment?
What was a significant criticism of the earlier biological positivist approach to treatment?
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Which of the following concepts relates to the sterilization practices stemming from eugenics?
Which of the following concepts relates to the sterilization practices stemming from eugenics?
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What is a key limitation of the focus on the individual in biological and psychological positivism?
What is a key limitation of the focus on the individual in biological and psychological positivism?
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How did the view of individuals in positivist theories typically characterize them?
How did the view of individuals in positivist theories typically characterize them?
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Which statement best reflects the ethical concerns associated with earlier positivist treatment methods?
Which statement best reflects the ethical concerns associated with earlier positivist treatment methods?
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What type of discrimination is often seen in biological and psychological positivism?
What type of discrimination is often seen in biological and psychological positivism?
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What is a recurring theme concerning the treatment approaches in biological positivism?
What is a recurring theme concerning the treatment approaches in biological positivism?
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What is often the presumed relationship between 'difference' and 'causality' in biological positivism?
What is often the presumed relationship between 'difference' and 'causality' in biological positivism?
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What does Matza emphasize about delinquency in his concept of delinquent drift?
What does Matza emphasize about delinquency in his concept of delinquent drift?
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In Matza's theory, what does 'drift' represent?
In Matza's theory, what does 'drift' represent?
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Which statement best describes soft determinism as per Matza's view?
Which statement best describes soft determinism as per Matza's view?
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How does Matza's drift continuum redefine the understanding of free will?
How does Matza's drift continuum redefine the understanding of free will?
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What role does Matza attribute to peers in the context of delinquency?
What role does Matza attribute to peers in the context of delinquency?
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Which of the following best reflects Matza's critique of absolute determinism?
Which of the following best reflects Matza's critique of absolute determinism?
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Which term best captures the potential condition of individuals fluctuating between delinquency and conformity?
Which term best captures the potential condition of individuals fluctuating between delinquency and conformity?
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Which of the following statements aligns with the notion of conformity in Matza's framework?
Which of the following statements aligns with the notion of conformity in Matza's framework?
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What is a key limitation of Sociological Positivism regarding societal conditions?
What is a key limitation of Sociological Positivism regarding societal conditions?
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Which theory falls under Sociological Positivism?
Which theory falls under Sociological Positivism?
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What does labeling theory criticize about Positivist Criminology?
What does labeling theory criticize about Positivist Criminology?
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What is a primary characteristic of upstream investigations in crime theory?
What is a primary characteristic of upstream investigations in crime theory?
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How does Sociological Positivism generally explain crime?
How does Sociological Positivism generally explain crime?
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Which aspect do positivist theories predominantly focus on when explaining crime?
Which aspect do positivist theories predominantly focus on when explaining crime?
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What aspect does labeling theory emphasize in the definition of deviance?
What aspect does labeling theory emphasize in the definition of deviance?
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What shift occurred in the focus of crime research during the 1960s?
What shift occurred in the focus of crime research during the 1960s?
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What type of approach does a proactive crime theory suggest?
What type of approach does a proactive crime theory suggest?
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What is a common misconception about the limitations of positivist theories?
What is a common misconception about the limitations of positivist theories?
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Which perspective is largely absent in Sociological Positivism?
Which perspective is largely absent in Sociological Positivism?
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What is one of the main focuses of Social control theory?
What is one of the main focuses of Social control theory?
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Which element is associated with a downstream approach in crime theory?
Which element is associated with a downstream approach in crime theory?
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Which of the following aligns with the viewpoint that deviance is a social construct?
Which of the following aligns with the viewpoint that deviance is a social construct?
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What is one reason labeling can become problematic?
What is one reason labeling can become problematic?
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What does the term 'gradualism' in Cohen's article primarily refer to?
What does the term 'gradualism' in Cohen's article primarily refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT listed as a failure of criminology in Cohen's 1988 article?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a failure of criminology in Cohen's 1988 article?
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Cohen emphasizes the importance of looking at which level when addressing criminological issues?
Cohen emphasizes the importance of looking at which level when addressing criminological issues?
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What balance does Cohen suggest in his view on optimism and impossibilism?
What balance does Cohen suggest in his view on optimism and impossibilism?
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To what does the metaphor of 'draining the swamp' refer in Cohen's discussion?
To what does the metaphor of 'draining the swamp' refer in Cohen's discussion?
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Which of the following is a strategy suggested for answering exam questions effectively?
Which of the following is a strategy suggested for answering exam questions effectively?
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Which one of the following statements reflects Cohen's views on 'upstream prevention'?
Which one of the following statements reflects Cohen's views on 'upstream prevention'?
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What should students avoid when writing written answers according to the guidelines?
What should students avoid when writing written answers according to the guidelines?
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Study Notes
Biological and Psychological Positivism
- Biological positivism, a complex power dynamic, hoped to determine the causes of crime and develop treatments.
- Treatments were often intrusive and harmful, aiming to rehabilitate individuals.
- Psychological counseling and intrusive surgeries were common approaches.
- Experimental treatments led to harms and deaths, raising ethical concerns.
- Mental health institutions expanded, separating individuals from their families.
- Ethical consent issues were prevalent in experiments.
Eugenics
- Eugenics, a problematic power dynamic, sought to eliminate "undesirable" traits.
- The goal was to prevent people deemed inferior from reproducing.
- This involved sterilization and elimination.
- Physical, emotional, or intellectual disabilities were targeted.
- Ethnic or racial groups were sometimes targeted for elimination.
- Physicians carried out potentially harmful procedures on individuals.
Positivism Assessment
- Focuses on individual factors and ignores social context
- People are seen as passive rather than agentic.
- There's limited consideration of environmental factors that might impact outcomes.
- There are concerns of oversimplification and deterministic approaches.
- The individual is perceived as the prime culprit for all issues related to crime and issues of conformity.
21st-Century Controversies
- NCR (Not Criminally Responsible) verdicts are often controversial for victims' families.
- There are concerns about bias within the criminal justice system.
- Historical contexts show a lack of consideration or concern for victims' families and well-being.
- Recent cases highlight ongoing debates in legal systems about the concept of responsibility and how it relates to certain individuals.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the complex themes of biological and psychological positivism, including the ethical dilemmas and historical implications of treatment methods. This quiz will cover topics from eugenics to invasive procedures in mental health treatment, exploring the impact on society and individuals.
