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Questions and Answers
What is the name given to a chemical species that accepts electrons or donates protons or hydrogen ions?
What is the name given to a chemical species that accepts electrons or donates protons or hydrogen ions?
Acid
Which term refers to organisms that thrive in acidic environments?
Which term refers to organisms that thrive in acidic environments?
Acidophile
Aerobic organisms require molecular oxygen for survival.
Aerobic organisms require molecular oxygen for survival.
True
What is the process called when an organism is suspended in or spreads its infection through the air?
What is the process called when an organism is suspended in or spreads its infection through the air?
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What is the term used to describe the rapid growth of a phytoplankton population, often triggered by pollutants?
What is the term used to describe the rapid growth of a phytoplankton population, often triggered by pollutants?
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Which branch of mathematics utilizes symbols or letters to represent variables, values, and numbers?
Which branch of mathematics utilizes symbols or letters to represent variables, values, and numbers?
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What is a step-by-step procedure that outlines how to carry out an operation?
What is a step-by-step procedure that outlines how to carry out an operation?
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What is the name for an amino acid that has an aliphatic side chain?
What is the name for an amino acid that has an aliphatic side chain?
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An alkaline solution has a pH greater than 7.
An alkaline solution has a pH greater than 7.
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What is the term used to describe a solution's ability to neutralize an acid?
What is the term used to describe a solution's ability to neutralize an acid?
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What type of functional group contains a carbonyl group linked to a nitrogen atom?
What type of functional group contains a carbonyl group linked to a nitrogen atom?
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What is the basic building block of proteins and enzymes?
What is the basic building block of proteins and enzymes?
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What is the name of the monovalent radical NH2, attached to a carbon skeleton, as seen in amines and amino acids?
What is the name of the monovalent radical NH2, attached to a carbon skeleton, as seen in amines and amino acids?
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What process involves the release of ammonia by microorganisms acting on organic nitrogenous compounds?
What process involves the release of ammonia by microorganisms acting on organic nitrogenous compounds?
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What type of substance is capable of acting as either an acid or a base?
What type of substance is capable of acting as either an acid or a base?
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Anaerobic organisms require the presence of oxygen for survival.
Anaerobic organisms require the presence of oxygen for survival.
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What is the term used to describe the resemblance of structures due to similar functions, as seen in the wings of insects and birds?
What is the term used to describe the resemblance of structures due to similar functions, as seen in the wings of insects and birds?
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What is the name for a substance that does not contain water or is very concentrated?
What is the name for a substance that does not contain water or is very concentrated?
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What is the name given to an ion with a negative electrical charge?
What is the name given to an ion with a negative electrical charge?
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What is a substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms?
What is a substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms?
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What is the name for a molecule produced by the immune system to detect and neutralize pathogens?
What is the name for a molecule produced by the immune system to detect and neutralize pathogens?
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What type of substance triggers the production of an antibody in an organism, initiating an immune reaction?
What type of substance triggers the production of an antibody in an organism, initiating an immune reaction?
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What is an agent that can kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms?
What is an agent that can kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms?
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Aqueous solutions contain water.
Aqueous solutions contain water.
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Which area of mathematics focuses on studying quantities, particularly those resulting from the combination of numbers through fundamental operations?
Which area of mathematics focuses on studying quantities, particularly those resulting from the combination of numbers through fundamental operations?
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What is the name for an organic molecule containing a benzene ring?
What is the name for an organic molecule containing a benzene ring?
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Asymmetrical means that the two sides of something are dissimilar.
Asymmetrical means that the two sides of something are dissimilar.
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What is the smallest unit of matter, defined by its chemical properties and composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
What is the smallest unit of matter, defined by its chemical properties and composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
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What is the name for the average mass of atoms of a particular element?
What is the name for the average mass of atoms of a particular element?
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What is the term used to describe a substance that kills bacteria?
What is the term used to describe a substance that kills bacteria?
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What is the ecological region found at the lowest level of a water body, encompassing the sediment surface and some subsurface layers?
What is the ecological region found at the lowest level of a water body, encompassing the sediment surface and some subsurface layers?
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What is the name given to organisms that live on the seafloor?
What is the name given to organisms that live on the seafloor?
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What is the system of nomenclature that uses a two-part name to identify a species, with the first part representing the genus and the second part specifying the species?
What is the system of nomenclature that uses a two-part name to identify a species, with the first part representing the genus and the second part specifying the species?
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What is the name for a polynomial algebraic expression or equation containing only two terms?
What is the name for a polynomial algebraic expression or equation containing only two terms?
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What field of science examines the correlation between the structure of natural molecules and the consequences of their activity?
What field of science examines the correlation between the structure of natural molecules and the consequences of their activity?
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What is the process of breaking down substances through chemical reactions, often resulting in less harmful compounds?
What is the process of breaking down substances through chemical reactions, often resulting in less harmful compounds?
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What is the term used to describe the collective richness and variety of all forms of life?
What is the term used to describe the collective richness and variety of all forms of life?
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What is the use of charged molecules and ions in biological systems?
What is the use of charged molecules and ions in biological systems?
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What is the name for a methane and carbon dioxide emission produced by the anaerobic breakdown of organic matter?
What is the name for a methane and carbon dioxide emission produced by the anaerobic breakdown of organic matter?
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What is the name for any indicator (e.g., nucleic acids, enzymes, hormones) that reflects a biological response to a physiological or pathological condition?
What is the name for any indicator (e.g., nucleic acids, enzymes, hormones) that reflects a biological response to a physiological or pathological condition?
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What is the name for the largest ecological regions characterized by distinct plant and animal communities?
What is the name for the largest ecological regions characterized by distinct plant and animal communities?
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Study Notes
Abiotic Factors
- Non-living factors affecting life, like soil, climate, wind
Acid
- Chemical species accepting electrons or donating protons/hydrogen ions
Acidophile
- Organism thriving in acidic environments
Aerobic
- Organisms needing molecular oxygen to survive
- Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen
Airborne Transmission
- Infectious organism spread via air
Algae Bloom
- Rapid phytoplankton population explosion often due to nutrient pollution
Algebra
- Branch of mathematics using symbols for variables and equations to solve problems
Algorithm
- Step-by-step procedure for completing an operation
Aliphatic amino acid
- Amino acid with an aliphatic side chain
Alkaline
- Aqueous solution with pH greater than 7
Alkalinity
- Solution's ability to neutralize an acid; measured quantitatively
Amide
- Functional group with a carbonyl group linked to a nitrogen atom
Amino Acid
- Building block of proteins and enzymes
- Dietary proteins must be broken down to amino acids to be used
Amino Group
- Monovalent radical NH2 attached to a carbon skeleton (found in amines and amino acids)
Ammonification
- Microorganisms release ammonia from organic nitrogenous compounds
Amphoteric
- Substance acting as both an acid and a base
Anaerobic
- Organisms surviving without oxygen
- Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen
Analogy
- Resemblance of structures based on similar function (e.g., wings of insects and birds)
Anhydrous
- Substance lacking water
Anion
- Ion with a negative electrical charge
Aqueous solution
- Solution with water as the solvent
Antibiotic
- Substance (natural or synthetic) inhibiting microorganisms
Antibody
- Immune system molecule neutralizing pathogens
Antigens
- Foreign substance triggering antibody production
Antimicrobial Agent
- Substance killing or inhibiting microorganisms
Aqueous
- System containing water
Arithmetic
- Part of mathematics studying quantity using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Aromatic compound
- Organic molecule containing a benzene ring
Asymmetrical
- Having unlike sides
Atmosphere
- Gases surrounding a planet, held by gravity
Atom
- Smallest unit of matter with recognized chemical properties; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Atomic mass
- Average mass of atoms of an element
Atomic weight
- Average mass of atoms of an element
Bactericide
- Substance killing bacteria
Benthic Zone
- Lowest level of a water body's ecological region, including sediment
Benthic organisms
- Organisms living on the sea floor
Binomial nomenclature
- Species naming system: generic name followed by species name
Binomial (algebra)
- Polynomial algebraic expression with two terms
Binomial (taxonomy)
- Scientific naming system; first term is genus, second is species
Biochemistry
- Correlation study between natural molecules and their activity
Biodegradation
- Breakdown of substances by chemical reactions, rendering them less harmful
Biodiversity
- Variety and richness of all life forms
Bioelectricity
- Use of charged molecules and elements in biological systems
Biogas
- Methane and carbon dioxide from organic matter breakdown via anaerobic bacteria
Biomarker
- Indicator (nucleic acids, enzymes, etc.) of biological response/condition
Biome
- Largest ecological region distinguished by plants and animals; subdivided into associations
Biosphere
- Troposphere, oceans, and land surfaces where life exists
Bisexual/Hermaphroditic
- Organisms with both male and female reproductive organs
Capillary
- Tube, pore, or passage with a narrow, internal cross-section
Catalyst
- Substance increasing reaction rate by decreasing activation energy
Cation
- Ion with a positive electrical charge
Cenozoic Era
- Most recent geologic era, following the Mesozoic Era
Chelate
- Chemical compound with a metallic ion firmly bound in a ring
Chemical equilibrium
- Reaction state where reactant and product concentrations remain constant
Chemical formula
- Expression showing number and type of atoms in a molecule
Chemotaxis
- Motile organism movement in response to a chemical
Chromosome
- Physical unit of genetic material in a cell; many or several per cell, or dozen
Clone/Cloning
- Genetic copy of a parent cell or organism; process of creating such copies
Correlation
- Relationship measure between two variables
Corrosion
- Irreversible material/tissue damage due to chemical reaction
Covalent bond
- Chemical link between atoms sharing electron pairs
Covalent compound
- Molecule with covalent chemical bonds
Deciduous
- Seasonal shedding (leaves, bark, etc.)
Decomposition
- Chemical breakdown into simpler compounds by microorganisms
Degradation
- Process of transforming a compound into simpler compounds
Delta
- Landform where a river flows into a larger body of water
Denaturation
- DNA unwinding from double-stranded to single-stranded structure
Dendroid
- Tree-like, branching structure
Density
- Mass per unit volume
Dependent variable
- Variable responding to the independent variable; measured in experiments
Depolarization
- Membrane potential change from negative to positive, crucial to neuron/muscle cell function
Derivative
- Measure of function/curve change with input
Descriptive geometry
- Method representing 3D objects as 2D projections
Differential geometry
- Mathematics field using calculus to study curves and surfaces
Double bond
- Chemical bond sharing two electron pairs between atoms
Ecology
- Study of relationships between organisms and their environment
Ecosystem
- Biotic community and surroundings, including inorganic and organic components
Electrochemistry
- Study of reactions and species at interfaces between electrolytes and conductors
Electrolysis
- Direct current passage through an ionic solution causing chemical changes at electrodes
Electron affinity
- Atom's ability to accept an electron
Electron configuration
- Description of electronic energy sublevels in an atom
Ellipse
- Flattened circle shape
Empirical formula
- Formula showing element ratios in a compound (not necessarily exact numbers)
Epoch
- Period within a geologic time scale
Equivalence point
- Titration point of complete analyte neutralization by titrant
Erosion
- Solids' displacement by external forces (wind, water, ice)
Evaporation
- Transition of molecules from liquid to vapor state
Filamentous
- Rod-like, often branching structure, especially in bacteria and fungi
Flora
- All plants in an area/country/period
Formula
- Rule or equation describing relationships between variables
Fossil
- Preserved remains (or traces like footprints) of organisms
Fossiliferous
- Containing fossils
Fraction
- Way of writing rational numbers (not whole numbers) using numerator/denominator
Gene
- Hereditary unit of an organism; part of DNA; cannot be further divided
Genome
- Species' complete set of genes
Geologic maps
- Maps showing geological features
Geometry
- Study of shapes, sizes, and relative positions of figures
Germination
- Physiological/structural changes in seeds transforming them from resting to growing state
Global Warming
- Rising Earth's average global temperature due to greenhouse gases
Half-life
- Time needed for a radioactive substance to reduce to half its original amount
Heat capacity
- Amount of heat needed to raise a sample's temperature by a degree
Homeostasis
- Maintaining stable structure (e.g., water/salt concentration) in organisms
Host
- Organism harboring or nourishing another organism
Hybridization
- Creating a duplex nucleic acid molecule by complementary base pairing from different sources
Hypothesis
- Testable scientific idea with verifiable/falsifiable prediction
Immunity
- Body's defense mechanisms against infections
Immunoglobulin
- Protein exhibiting antibody activity
Immunology
- Science of molecular self-defense against infections
In vivo
- Inside a living organism (body)
Infinite series
- Sum of an infinite sequence of numbers
Integers
- Whole numbers (positive, negative, and zero)
Intracellular
- Inside a cell
Isoenzyme
- Enzymes catalyzing the same reaction, possibly with different compositions
Isomer
- Chemical species with identical atoms but differing arrangements
Kinetics
- Science of measuring/assessing movement rates and flow
Kingdom
- Highest taxonomic category; broad classification level of organisms
Ligand
- Molecule, ion, or group bound to a central atom
Mean
- Average of a set of scores
Metabolism
- All chemical processes in living cells, enabling energy extraction and synthesis
Metamorphism
- Solid-state recrystallisation of rocks without melting due to heat/pressure/fluid introduction
Microbial Biomass
- Total mass of microorganisms in a given area/volume
Microbiology
- Study of microorganisms often using microscopes
Microenvironment
- Immediate physical and chemical surroundings of a microorganism
Micrometer
- One millionth of a meter
Microorganism
- Organism too small to see with the naked eye
Monomial
- Algebraic expression with a single term
Mutation
- Changes in nucleotide/amino acid sequences in genomes due to gene duplication or rearrangement
Mutualism
- Relationship benefitting both interacting species
Mycophagous
- Organisms feeding on fungi
Organelle
- Subcellular structure with specialized function in eukaryotic cells
Organism
- Living entity, can be single-celled or multicellular
Osmosis
- Water movement across membranes from high to low water concentration
Paradox
- Statement/situation contradicting itself
Parasite
- Organism living on/in another organism (host), often at the host's expense
Parasitism
- Parasite benefiting at the host's expense
Pathogenicity
- Parasite's ability to cause harm to the host
Petrology
- Study of rocks, their origin, composition, etc.
Phototaxis
- Movement towards light
Phytochemicals
- Plant molecules with beneficial effects, often called nutraceuticals
Plankton
- Microscopic organisms drifting in water
Radioactive decay
- Unstable nucleus loss of protons, neutrons, or photons
Radioactivity
- Spontaneous emission of radiation from a nucleus
Reciprocal
- Number yielding multiplicative identity (1) when multiplied by the original number
Relative density
- Density of a substance relative to the density of water
Replication
- Copying of a double-stranded DNA molecule into two identical copies
Rhizobacteria
- Bacteria found in plant roots
Right triangle
- Triangle with a 90-degree angle
Salinity
- Salt concentration in water
Sanitization
- Eliminating pathogenic organisms
Seawater
- Average salt concentration in seawater
Suspension
- Mixture of solid particles in a fluid
Symbiosis
- Mutually beneficial relationship between two species
Taxonomy
- Classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships
Terrestrial
- Relating to the land
Vertebrate animals
- Animals with a backbone (vertebrae)
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Description
Test your knowledge on essential biological and chemical concepts such as abiotic factors, acids, and amino acids. This quiz covers topics ranging from organism classifications to chemical properties and processes. Ideal for students of biology and chemistry looking to reinforce their learning.
