BIOL/BCHM 111: Metabolism and Energetics
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of kinesin, dynein, and myosin in cells?

  • To synthesize chemicals
  • To regulate cell growth
  • To move along microtubules and microfilaments (correct)
  • To transport membranes
  • What is the role of the cytoskeleton in cell motility?

  • It pushes the front end and pulls the back of the cell forward (correct)
  • It prevents cell movement
  • It only pushes the front end of the cell
  • It only pulls the back of the cell forward
  • What type of cell movement is involved in embryonic development?

  • Cell motility (correct)
  • Cell apoptosis
  • Cell mitosis
  • Cell migration
  • What is the name of the protist that uses cilia to swim?

    <p>Tetrahymena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of entire cells?

    <p>Cell motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of work is involved in the synthesis of chemicals?

    <p>Chemical synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary research focus of Ashley Garrill's research group?

    <p>Cell biology and biophysics of pathogenic microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using a Lab-on-a-Chip device in Ashley Garrill's research?

    <p>To measure forces exerted by oomycete hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent pressure exerted by oomycete hyphae on plant tissue?

    <p>Equivalent to an elephant standing on your big toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended reading for the next two weeks?

    <p>Biology 2e – WEB, Chapters 6 and 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the lectures in BIOL/BCHM 111?

    <p>Metabolism, energetics, and membrane transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did Ashley Garrill complete her BSc degree?

    <p>Leeds UK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the question box in the lectures?

    <p>To ask questions about the lecture material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Ashley Garrill's approach to student questions in the lectures?

    <p>She encourages questions at any stage and believes there is no such thing as a silly question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of work is involved in the movement of molecules or ions across membranes?

    <p>Membrane Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of energy used by the brain is used to move Na+ and K+ across cell membranes?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Ca2+ pump in muscle cells?

    <p>To keep Ca2+ levels in the cells very low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which macromolecules are formed from monomer subunits?

    <p>Chemical synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why cells can do work?

    <p>Because they can transform molecules and energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of membrane transport in nerve cells?

    <p>The movement of Na+ and K+ ions across the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of membrane transport in cells?

    <p>To maintain osmotic balance with the solution outside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables cells to exhibit characteristics of life, such as growth and development?

    <p>Movement, membrane transport, and chemical synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in a cell?

    <p>To catalyze reactions and decrease the time taken to reach equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the glycolysis pathway?

    <p>Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a metabolic pathway in a cell that is in a state of metabolic disequilibrium?

    <p>The reaction never reaches equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of catabolic pathways?

    <p>To break down complex molecules into simpler ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of energy carriers in metabolic pathways?

    <p>To drive anabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are metabolic pathways regulated in a cell?

    <p>Through the regulation of enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energy derived from catabolic pathways?

    <p>It is used to drive anabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the regulation of metabolic pathways based on the energy needs of the cell?

    <p>Metabolic regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the sugar in the egg when energy levels are low?

    <p>It is broken down via catabolic pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of metabolic regulation?

    <p>To ensure that cells have the materials and energy to do work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathway is involved in breaking down glucose?

    <p>Catabolic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the glucose in the egg when energy levels are high?

    <p>It is converted to glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enzymes in metabolic regulation?

    <p>To catalyse sugar breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the storage carbohydrate?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the catabolic pathway?

    <p>To break down glucose to produce energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cells being able to control their metabolism?

    <p>They are able to do work and be alive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to BIOL/BCHM 111

    • Lecturer: Ashley Garrill, with a background in Genetics and Plant Biology (BSc) and Genetics and Microbiology (PhD)
    • Research focus: Cell biology and biophysics of pathogenic microorganisms, including fungi and oomycetes

    Course Overview

    • Lectures cover metabolism, energetics, and membrane transport
    • Reading material: Biology 2e (WEB) and Biology: A Global Approach (11th Edition)
    • Encouragement to ask questions and participate in lectures

    Types of Work

    • Movement: powered by motor proteins (kinesin, dynein, myosin) and involves the cytoskeleton
    • Membrane Transport: important for maintaining osmotic balance with the surrounding solution
    • Chemical Synthesis: enables the formation of macromolecules from monomer subunits

    Cell Movement

    • Cells can move using their cytoskeleton to push and pull the front and back of the cell
    • Actin enables cell motility
    • Other cells use cilia or flagella to swim
    • Multicellular animals move due to muscle contraction

    Membrane Transport

    • Important for maintaining osmotic balance with the surrounding solution
    • Na+/K+ pumps use 50% of the brain's energy to maintain ion balance
    • Ca2+ pumps are important in muscle cells to regulate Ca2+ levels

    Chemical Synthesis

    • Enables the formation of macromolecules from monomer subunits
    • Polysaccharides are formed from sugars, proteins from amino acids, and nucleic acids from nucleotides

    Characteristics of Life

    • Movement, membrane transport, and chemical synthesis enable growth, development, regulation, and response to the environment

    Work and Energy

    • Cells can do work because they can transform molecules and energy
    • Energy is derived from catabolic pathways and can be used to drive anabolic pathways

    Metabolism

    • Metabolic pathways can be catabolic (breakdown complex molecules) or anabolic (build complex molecules)
    • Energy carriers: ATP, NADH, NADPH
    • Metabolic pathways are regulated depending on the energy needs of the cell/organism

    Metabolic Regulation

    • Enzymes are regulated allosterically, covalently, or genetically to control metabolic pathways
    • Energy levels affect the regulation of metabolic pathways
    • Examples: glucose breakdown in the absence/presence of breakfast

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    Description

    This quiz covers lectures 13-24 of BIOL/BCHM 111, focusing on metabolism, energetics, and membrane transport. It is taught by Ashley Garrill at the University of Canterbury.

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