BIOL/BCHM 111: Metabolism and Energetics

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of kinesin, dynein, and myosin in cells?

To synthesize chemicals
To regulate cell growth
To move along microtubules and microfilaments (correct)
To transport membranes

What is the role of the cytoskeleton in cell motility?

It pushes the front end and pulls the back of the cell forward (correct)
It prevents cell movement
It only pushes the front end of the cell
It only pulls the back of the cell forward

What type of cell movement is involved in embryonic development?

Cell motility (correct)
Cell apoptosis
Cell mitosis
Cell migration

What is the name of the protist that uses cilia to swim?

Tetrahymena (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of entire cells?

Cell motility (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of work is involved in the synthesis of chemicals?

Chemical synthesis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary research focus of Ashley Garrill's research group?

Cell biology and biophysics of pathogenic microorganisms (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using a Lab-on-a-Chip device in Ashley Garrill's research?

To measure forces exerted by oomycete hyphae (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the equivalent pressure exerted by oomycete hyphae on plant tissue?

Equivalent to an elephant standing on your big toe (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended reading for the next two weeks?

Biology 2e – WEB, Chapters 6 and 7 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the lectures in BIOL/BCHM 111?

Metabolism, energetics, and membrane transport (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where did Ashley Garrill complete her BSc degree?

Leeds UK (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the question box in the lectures?

To ask questions about the lecture material (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is Ashley Garrill's approach to student questions in the lectures?

She encourages questions at any stage and believes there is no such thing as a silly question (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of work is involved in the movement of molecules or ions across membranes?

Membrane Transport (A) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy used by the brain is used to move Na+ and K+ across cell membranes?

50% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Ca2+ pump in muscle cells?

To keep Ca2+ levels in the cells very low (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which macromolecules are formed from monomer subunits?

Chemical synthesis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why cells can do work?

Because they can transform molecules and energy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of membrane transport in nerve cells?

The movement of Na+ and K+ ions across the cell membrane (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of membrane transport in cells?

To maintain osmotic balance with the solution outside the cell (B) Signup and view all the answers

What enables cells to exhibit characteristics of life, such as growth and development?

Movement, membrane transport, and chemical synthesis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of enzymes in a cell?

To catalyze reactions and decrease the time taken to reach equilibrium (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the glycolysis pathway?

Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a metabolic pathway in a cell that is in a state of metabolic disequilibrium?

The reaction never reaches equilibrium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of catabolic pathways?

To break down complex molecules into simpler ones (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of energy carriers in metabolic pathways?

To drive anabolic pathways (C) Signup and view all the answers

How are metabolic pathways regulated in a cell?

Through the regulation of enzyme activity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy derived from catabolic pathways?

It is used to drive anabolic pathways (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the regulation of metabolic pathways based on the energy needs of the cell?

Metabolic regulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the sugar in the egg when energy levels are low?

It is broken down via catabolic pathways. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of metabolic regulation?

To ensure that cells have the materials and energy to do work (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathway is involved in breaking down glucose?

Catabolic pathway (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the glucose in the egg when energy levels are high?

It is converted to glycogen. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in metabolic regulation?

To catalyse sugar breakdown (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the storage carbohydrate?

Glycogen (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the catabolic pathway?

To break down glucose to produce energy (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cells being able to control their metabolism?

They are able to do work and be alive (B) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Introduction to BIOL/BCHM 111

Lecturer: Ashley Garrill, with a background in Genetics and Plant Biology (BSc) and Genetics and Microbiology (PhD)
Research focus: Cell biology and biophysics of pathogenic microorganisms, including fungi and oomycetes

Course Overview

Lectures cover metabolism, energetics, and membrane transport
Reading material: Biology 2e (WEB) and Biology: A Global Approach (11th Edition)
Encouragement to ask questions and participate in lectures

Types of Work

Movement: powered by motor proteins (kinesin, dynein, myosin) and involves the cytoskeleton
Membrane Transport: important for maintaining osmotic balance with the surrounding solution
Chemical Synthesis: enables the formation of macromolecules from monomer subunits

Cell Movement

Cells can move using their cytoskeleton to push and pull the front and back of the cell
Actin enables cell motility
Other cells use cilia or flagella to swim
Multicellular animals move due to muscle contraction

Membrane Transport

Important for maintaining osmotic balance with the surrounding solution
Na+/K+ pumps use 50% of the brain's energy to maintain ion balance
Ca2+ pumps are important in muscle cells to regulate Ca2+ levels

Chemical Synthesis

Enables the formation of macromolecules from monomer subunits
Polysaccharides are formed from sugars, proteins from amino acids, and nucleic acids from nucleotides

Characteristics of Life

Movement, membrane transport, and chemical synthesis enable growth, development, regulation, and response to the environment

Work and Energy

Cells can do work because they can transform molecules and energy
Energy is derived from catabolic pathways and can be used to drive anabolic pathways

Metabolism

Metabolic pathways can be catabolic (breakdown complex molecules) or anabolic (build complex molecules)
Energy carriers: ATP, NADH, NADPH
Metabolic pathways are regulated depending on the energy needs of the cell/organism

Metabolic Regulation

Enzymes are regulated allosterically, covalently, or genetically to control metabolic pathways
Energy levels affect the regulation of metabolic pathways
Examples: glucose breakdown in the absence/presence of breakfast

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