Cellular Metabolism & Enzymes
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Questions and Answers

Besides ATP synthase, what other biological process is directly powered by a proton gradient?

  • Bacterial flagellar movement (correct)
  • Cytochrome C oxidase production in eukaryotes
  • Pentose phosphate pathway
  • The Entner-Doudoroff pathway in bacteria

How does the product yield of the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway differ from the EMP pathway in glycolysis?

  • The ED pathway produces more ATP and NADH than the EMP pathway per glucose molecule.
  • The ED pathway produces more pyruvate molecules than the EMP pathway per glucose molecule.
  • The ED pathway produces less ATP, less NADH, and NADPH instead of NADH compared to the EMP pathway. (correct)
  • The ED pathway produces the same amounts of ATP and NADH, but also produces FADH2.

In what way do electron transport chain (ETC) compositions differ across different organisms?

  • The presence of ATP synthase varies greatly between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
  • The number of complexes in the ETC is always the same, regardless of the organism.
  • Eukaryotes do not possess cytochrome C oxidase, while bacteria and archaea do.
  • The specific carrier molecules within the ETC can differ between and within bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. (correct)

What is the primary purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway in a cell?

<p>To serve as an alternative pathway for the breakdown of glucose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bacterium is genetically engineered to lack cytochrome C oxidase. Under what conditions would this bacterium likely struggle to survive?

<p>In aerobic environments where the electron transport chain is critical for energy production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of a cofactor in enzyme function?

<p>It is a non-protein substance that is required for the apoenzyme to function correctly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an enzyme increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

<p>By decreasing the amount of energy needed to trigger a chemical reaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct factor that affects the rate of enzymatic reactions?

<p>Enzyme isoforms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of action of a competitive inhibitor?

<p>Binds to the active site, preventing the substrate from binding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction?

<p>By changing the shape of the enzyme when binding to a site distinct from the active site. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes allosteric regulation?

<p>It involves the binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site, affecting the protein's function at a different site. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In feedback inhibition, what typically acts as the inhibitor?

<p>The end product of a metabolic pathway. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an allosteric activator binding to an enzyme?

<p>The enzyme is stabilized in an active form, increasing its activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the electron transport chain (ETC)?

<p>To establish a proton gradient for ATP synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the electron transport chain, what happens to the potential energy of electrons as they are passed from one carrier to the next?

<p>It decreases, with some energy used to pump protons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration in terms of electron transport?

<p>Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor, while anaerobic respiration uses other inorganic chemicals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chemical conversions exemplifies anaerobic respiration?

<p>Conversion of sulfate (SO42-) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chemiosmosis?

<p>The use of an ion gradient to generate ATP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the electron transport chain, what directly powers the movement of protons across the membrane?

<p>The flow of electrons through the electron carriers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a substance inhibits ATP synthase, what is the most immediate consequence on chemiosmosis and the electron transport chain?

<p>The proton gradient will increase to a maximum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do electron carriers with a high potential energy contribute to the electron transport chain?

<p>They initiate the chain by readily donating electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between catabolism and anabolism?

<p>Catabolism involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy; anabolism uses energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During aerobic respiration, what is the net ATP production from glycolysis, considering the energy investment phase?

<p>2 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does noncompetitive inhibition affect enzyme activity?

<p>It involves a molecule binding to an allosteric site, changing the enzyme's shape and reducing its activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the electron transport chain, what role does chemiosmosis play in ATP production?

<p>It generates a proton gradient across a membrane, which drives ATP synthase to produce ATP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration concerning the electron transport chain?

<p>Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor, while anaerobic respiration uses other inorganic molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do biochemical tests aid in bacterial identification?

<p>By detecting the presence or absence of specific metabolic enzymes and their products. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of acetyl-CoA in carbohydrate metabolism?

<p>To deliver the acetyl group to the Krebs cycle for further oxidation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway differ from EMP glycolysis in terms of products?

<p>The ED pathway yields one ATP, one NADH, and one NADPH, while EMP glycolysis yields two ATP and two NADH. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of the Calvin-Benson cycle in photosynthesis?

<p>To fix carbon dioxide and produce glucose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

<p>Enzyme activity increases with temperature up to an optimal point, beyond which it decreases due to denaturation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll?

<p>To capture light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do photosynthetic prokaryotes differ from photosynthetic eukaryotes in terms of thylakoid location?

<p>Prokaryotes have thylakoids as invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane, while eukaryotes have them within chloroplasts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of chloroplast structure, what is the stroma?

<p>The fluid-filled space outside the thylakoids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between chlorophyll and heme?

<p>Chlorophyll uses magnesium (Mg2+), while heme uses iron (Fe2+). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, what is the role of thylakoid space?

<p>It accumulates protons (H+) to create a gradient that drives ATP synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In photosynthesis, what are the inputs of the light-dependent reactions?

<p>Water and Light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of photosynthesis involves the consumption of ATP and NADPH?

<p>The Calvin Cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the arrangement of thylakoids into grana within the chloroplast contribute to photosynthesis?

<p>By increasing the surface area for light-dependent reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ATP synthase?

<p>To use the proton gradient to generate ATP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of CO2 are required in the Calvin-Benson cycle to produce one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

<p>3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metabolic pathways provides precursor metabolites for anabolic reactions?

<p>Glycolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the synthesis of sugars from non-carbohydrate precursors such as amino acids and fats?

<p>Gluconeogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule serves as the primary precursor for fatty acid synthesis?

<p>Acetyl-CoA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what process are amino acids generated using ammonia as an amino source?

<p>Amination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are essential amino acids?

<p>Amino acids that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from an external source. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is NOT a direct precursor in the synthesis of nucleotide bases?

<p>Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which metabolic pathway is the pentose sugar derived for nucleotide biosynthesis?

<p>Glycolysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a method of regulation of metabolic functions according to the text?

<p>Synthesis of new transport protein to bring more of a chemical into the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cofactor

Nonprotein substance needed for an apoenzyme to function.

Coenzyme

Organic molecule (like vitamins) necessary for an apoenzyme's function.

Holoenzyme

An active enzyme formed by the apoenzyme and its cofactors.

Active site

Region of an enzyme binding substrates and catalyzing reactions.

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Factors affecting enzyme activity

Includes temperature, pH, concentrations, and inhibitors.

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Allosteric regulation

Binding of a regulator molecule affecting protein function at another site.

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Competitive inhibition

Inhibitors resembling substrate compete for binding at the active site.

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Feedback inhibition

End product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme in that pathway.

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Metabolism

The sum of all catabolic and anabolic pathways in a cell.

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Catabolism

Reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones.

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Anabolism

Reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones.

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Oxidation

The loss of electrons from a molecule.

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Reduction

The gain of electrons by a molecule.

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Activation energy

The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction.

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Glycolysis

The first stage of glucose metabolism where glucose is split.

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Chemiosmosis

Process of ATP generation driven by electron transport.

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Photosynthesis

Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.

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ATP synthase

An enzyme that generates ATP using a proton gradient.

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Proton gradient

A difference in proton concentration across a membrane, driving ATP production.

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Cytochrome C oxidase

A specific carrier in the electron transport chain (ETC) found in some bacteria and eukaryotes.

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Entner-Doudoroff pathway

An alternative glycolysis pathway used by some bacteria, producing different products.

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Pentose phosphate pathway

An alternative method for glucose breakdown, producing NADPH and ribose.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A sequence of proteins that transfers electrons, pumping protons across a membrane to create a proton gradient.

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High Potential Energy Electron Carriers

Molecules, such as NADH and FADH2, that donate electrons to the ETC and have high energy states.

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Aerobes

Organisms that perform aerobic respiration using oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

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Anaerobes

Organisms that perform anaerobic respiration using other inorganic chemicals instead of oxygen.

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Proton Movement

The movement of protons across a membrane, often through ATP synthase, contributing to ATP generation.

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Chlorophyll a

A pigment vital for photosynthesis that captures light energy.

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Bacteriochlorophyll

Pigments in some bacteria that capture light energy for photosynthesis.

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Thylakoids

Membranous structures where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

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Granum

A stack of thylakoids found in chloroplasts involved in photosynthesis.

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Stroma

The fluid-filled space outside the thylakoids in chloroplasts.

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Light-dependent reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis requiring light to produce ATP and NADPH.

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Calvin Cycle

The light-independent reactions that synthesize sugars from CO2 using ATP and NADPH.

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Calvin-Benson cycle

A series of reactions that fix carbon from CO2 into an organic compound.

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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

A 3-carbon sugar molecule produced in the Calvin cycle.

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Gluconeogenesis

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

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Amination

The process of adding an amino group to a molecule, forming an amino acid.

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Transamination

The transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to another.

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Essential amino acids

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.

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Nucleotide biosynthesis

The process of synthesizing nucleotides from precursors like ribose and amino acids.

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Acetyl-CoA

A key molecule in metabolism used to synthesize lipids and fatty acids.

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Study Notes

Microbial Metabolism Learning Outcomes

  • Distinguish between metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism.
  • Contrast oxidation and reduction reactions.
  • Compare and contrast the three types of ATP phosphorylation.
  • Create a table listing the six basic types of enzymes and their functions, including an example of each.
  • Detail the components of a holoenzyme and compare protein and RNA enzymes.
  • Define activation energy, enzyme, apoenzyme, cofactor, coenzyme, active site, and substrate, and explain their roles in enzyme activity.
  • Explain how temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and competitive/noncompetitive inhibition affect enzyme activity.
  • Describe the three stages of aerobic glucose metabolism (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain), including substrates, products, and net energy output.
  • Explore the roles of acetyl-CoA, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport in carbohydrate metabolism.
  • Contrast electron transport in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
  • Identify four classes of carriers in electron transport chains.
  • Detail the role of chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation of ATP.
  • Compare and contrast the Entner-Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways with EMP glycolysis, focusing on energy production and products.
  • Give examples of bacterial metabolic diversity, differentiating fermentation from respiration and listing three useful fermentation byproducts for bacterial identification.
  • Explain how biochemical tests identify bacteria based on metabolic enzyme and product analysis.
  • Describe how lipids and proteins are catabolized for energy and metabolite production.
  • Define photosynthesis.
  • Compare and contrast the basic chemicals and structures involved in photosynthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • Describe the components and function of the two photosystems (PS II and PS I).
  • Contrast cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation.
  • Contrast the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
  • Describe the reactants and products of the Calvin-Benson cycle.
  • Define amphibolic reaction and explain the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.
  • Explain the biosynthesis of lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides.
  • Discuss the regulation of metabolic activity and the interrelationships between catabolism and anabolism in terms of ATP and substrates.
  • Define and describe the concept of metabolism, encompassing catabolism (breakdown of molecules for energy) and anabolism (synthesis of larger molecules).
  • Explain the importance of anabolic steroids.
  • Identify 12 precursor metabolites commonly generated from catabolic pathways.
  • Describe oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions - including how electrons are transferred and how oxidation and reduction are simultaneous processes.
  • Detail the ways to determine if a molecule is oxidized or reduced.
  • Identify and describe electron carriers (NAD+, FAD, NADP+).
  • Explain and differentiate NADP+ and NADPH.
  • Define and describe Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
  • Detail the three major methods for ATP formation.
  • Define and describe enzymes, active site, factors affecting enzyme activity, and inhibitors.
  • Describe enzyme terminology, including apoenzymes, cofactors, coenzymes, and holoenzymes.
  • Detail how the factors that affect the rate of enzymatic reactions including temperature, pH enzyme/substrate concentration and inhibitors.
  • Detail feedback inhibition and its importance.
  • Explain the process of fermentation, the products, and its role in bacterial identification.
  • Explain how the electron transport chain (ETC) works in generating ATP.
  • Explain the process that happens at different stages of the ETC.
  • Compare and contrast the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in relation to electron transport and final electron acceptors.
  • Identify the diversity in ETC and describe Chemiosmosis.
  • Explain the processes that happen in pentose phosphate pathway, and identify its major uses.
  • Describe carbohydrate metabolism, and explain the pathways used for glucose catabolism (cellular respiration and fermentation).
  • Explain the process of glycolysis—including the location, substrates, products, and ATP production. Describe the process of acetyl-CoA synthesis and the Krebs cycle, including the input and output per acetyl CoA.
  • Describe the electron transport chain.
  • Describe different aspects of lipid catabolism, including beta-oxidation, glycerol processing, and the eventual entry of fatty acids into the Krebs cycle.
  • Describe the catabolism of proteins, including extracellular processes, amino acid uptake, deamination, and the integration of products from the Krebs cycle or other pathways.
  • Discuss the process of photosynthesis, highlighting the various pigments involved and their function, various aspects of the structures (thylakoids, chloroplasts) and the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
  • Distinguish between cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation and the differences between oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthetic processes.
  • Provide a summary of the metabolic pathways, and the concept of amphibolic pathways—reversible metabolic processes.
  • Describe how different components of metabolism can be integrated; be familiar with interrelationships between catabolic and anabolic pathways.
  • Summarize overall metabolic processes for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides.
  • Describe and identify the major metabolic pathways in a general context.

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