24 Questions
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in cellular metabolism?
To generate and store energy in the form of ATP
Which type of cellular respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen?
Anaerobic respiration
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in cellular metabolism?
To maintain the cell's shape and internal organization
Which type of tissue provides general structure, mechanical strength, and physical support for specialized tissues?
Connective tissue
What is the primary function of the ribosomes present in mitochondria?
To synthesize proteins
What is the primary function of the epithelial tissue?
To form a protective barrier and regulate molecular exchange
What is the primary function of bone tissue in the human body?
To provide a rigid protective and supporting framework
What is the primary function of muscle tissue in the human body?
To generate force through contraction
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
To control the flow of substances in and out of the cell
What type of transport requires energy?
Active transport
What is the process called when water travels through a selective permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of solutes?
Osmosis
What type of cell division occurs in sexual organs and leads to the formation of gametes?
Meiosis
What is the process called when a cell passes through an ordered series of events in which the cell duplicates its contents and divides into two cells?
Mitosis
What is the main component of the cytoplasm?
Water
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
To transport molecules against the concentration gradient
What is the process called when cells divide to replace lost cells?
Cell replacement
What is the approximate duration of mitosis in a 24-hour time span?
1 hour
How many pairs of chromosomes are present in human cells?
23 pairs
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
Packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
What is the main difference between free ribosomes and attached ribosomes?
Free ribosomes are floating in the cytoplasm, while attached ribosomes are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum
What is the role of lysosomes in cellular processes?
Breakdown of old organelles and digestion of foreign substances
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
Detoxification of harmful substances
What is the correct order of stages in mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What is the purpose of meiosis in reproduction?
To ensure the correct number of chromosomes in the resulting zygote
Study Notes
Cellular Structure and Function
- Mitochondria: powerhouses of the cell, surrounded by double lipid bilayer membrane, participate in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, contain own RNA, DNA, and ribosomes
- ATP: stores and transfers energy
Cellular Metabolism
- Anabolism: energy-using process that constructs molecules
- Catabolism: energy-releasing process that deconstructs molecules
- Cellular respiration: two types - aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen, unsustainable for a long period)
Tissues
- Basic tissue types: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue
- Epithelial tissue: diverse group that includes surface epithelia and solid organs, functions include forming a protective barrier, regulating molecule exchange, and synthesizing and secreting glandular products
- Connective tissue: provides structure, mechanical strength, space-filling, and physical and metabolic support for specialized tissues, with three structural properties: tensile strength, elasticity, and volume
- Specialized connective tissues: bone and cartilage, providing a rigid protective and supporting framework and smooth articular surfaces at bone ends
Cell Membrane and Transport
- Plasma membrane: composed of phospholipids, acts as a barrier, controls substance flow, and participates in intercellular signaling
- Passive transport: does not require energy, includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
- Active transport: requires energy, includes active transport carriers (pumps) and transport by vesicle formation
- Cytoplasm: ground substance/matrix containing various cellular components, 75-90% water plus solid compounds, and site of chemical reactions
Cell Nucleus and Division
- Nucleus: contains DNA, often referred to as the "brain of the cell"
- Cell division: occurs through mitosis (somatic cells) and meiosis (sex cells)
- Mitosis: consists of four stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by interphase (G1, S, and G2 sub-phases)
- Meiosis: occurs in sexual organs, testes, and ovaries, leading to gamete formation, and consists of eight stages (two cycles of cell division)
Cell Organelles
- Endoplasmic reticulum: membranous network around the nucleus, site of protein synthesis, with smooth and rough ER
- Ribosome: site of protein synthesis, made of RNA and protein, with free and attached ribosomes
- Golgi apparatus: network of flattened, smooth membranes, packages proteins from the ER into secretory vesicles
- Lysosomes: storage vesicles containing enzymes, break down old organelles and digest foreign substances, play a role in apoptosis
- Peroxisomes: similar to lysosomes, but smaller, involved in detoxification and neutralizing free radicals
This quiz covers the structure and function of mitochondria, including their role in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. It also touches on cellular metabolism, including anabolism and catabolism.
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