Cell Biology: Mitochondria and Cellular Metabolism

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the mitochondria in cellular metabolism?

To regulate the exchange of molecules between compartments

To provide mechanical strength to specialized tissues

To generate and store energy in the form of ATP (correct)

To synthesize proteins

Which type of cellular respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen?

Aerobic respiration

Photosynthesis

Fermentation

Anaerobic respiration (correct)

What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in cellular metabolism?

To regulate the exchange of molecules between compartments

To generate energy in the form of ATP

To synthesize proteins

To maintain the cell's shape and internal organization (correct)

Which type of tissue provides general structure, mechanical strength, and physical support for specialized tissues?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ribosomes present in mitochondria?

To synthesize proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the epithelial tissue?

To form a protective barrier and regulate molecular exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bone tissue in the human body?

To provide a rigid protective and supporting framework Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of muscle tissue in the human body?

To generate force through contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

To control the flow of substances in and out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport requires energy?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when water travels through a selective permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of solutes?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell division occurs in sexual organs and leads to the formation of gametes?

Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a cell passes through an ordered series of events in which the cell duplicates its contents and divides into two cells?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the cytoplasm?

Water Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

To transport molecules against the concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when cells divide to replace lost cells?

Cell replacement Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate duration of mitosis in a 24-hour time span?

1 hour Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of chromosomes are present in human cells?

23 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

Packaging proteins into secretory vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between free ribosomes and attached ribosomes?

Free ribosomes are floating in the cytoplasm, while attached ribosomes are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomes in cellular processes?

Breakdown of old organelles and digestion of foreign substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peroxisomes?

Detoxification of harmful substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of stages in mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of meiosis in reproduction?

To ensure the correct number of chromosomes in the resulting zygote Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Structure and Function

Mitochondria: powerhouses of the cell, surrounded by double lipid bilayer membrane, participate in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, contain own RNA, DNA, and ribosomes
ATP: stores and transfers energy

Cellular Metabolism

Anabolism: energy-using process that constructs molecules
Catabolism: energy-releasing process that deconstructs molecules
Cellular respiration: two types - aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen, unsustainable for a long period)

Tissues

Basic tissue types: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue: diverse group that includes surface epithelia and solid organs, functions include forming a protective barrier, regulating molecule exchange, and synthesizing and secreting glandular products
Connective tissue: provides structure, mechanical strength, space-filling, and physical and metabolic support for specialized tissues, with three structural properties: tensile strength, elasticity, and volume
Specialized connective tissues: bone and cartilage, providing a rigid protective and supporting framework and smooth articular surfaces at bone ends

Cell Membrane and Transport

Plasma membrane: composed of phospholipids, acts as a barrier, controls substance flow, and participates in intercellular signaling
Passive transport: does not require energy, includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
Active transport: requires energy, includes active transport carriers (pumps) and transport by vesicle formation
Cytoplasm: ground substance/matrix containing various cellular components, 75-90% water plus solid compounds, and site of chemical reactions

Cell Nucleus and Division

Nucleus: contains DNA, often referred to as the "brain of the cell"
Cell division: occurs through mitosis (somatic cells) and meiosis (sex cells)
Mitosis: consists of four stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by interphase (G1, S, and G2 sub-phases)
Meiosis: occurs in sexual organs, testes, and ovaries, leading to gamete formation, and consists of eight stages (two cycles of cell division)

Cell Organelles

Endoplasmic reticulum: membranous network around the nucleus, site of protein synthesis, with smooth and rough ER
Ribosome: site of protein synthesis, made of RNA and protein, with free and attached ribosomes
Golgi apparatus: network of flattened, smooth membranes, packages proteins from the ER into secretory vesicles
Lysosomes: storage vesicles containing enzymes, break down old organelles and digest foreign substances, play a role in apoptosis
Peroxisomes: similar to lysosomes, but smaller, involved in detoxification and neutralizing free radicals

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Description

This quiz covers the structure and function of mitochondria, including their role in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. It also touches on cellular metabolism, including anabolism and catabolism.