BIOL241 Skeletal System Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Describe the functional properties of hyaline cartilage tissue.

Primary function is to cap bones and form joints.

Describe the functional properties of fibrocartilage tissue.

Provides support and rigidity to attached/surrounding structures and is the strongest of the three types of cartilage.

Describe the functional properties of elastic cartilage tissue.

Flexible. Provides structure to stuff that would break if rigid. Ears.

Explain how cartilage grows.

Interstitial growth happens when cartilage is formed by chondrocytes within the cartilage, forming additional matrix. Appositional growth happens by adding new cartilage on the surface. Signup and view all the answers

List and describe seven important functions of bones.

Protection, Shape, Blood production, Mineral storage, Movement, Acid-base balance, Detoxification. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the four bone classes and provide examples of each class.

Short - Patella, Long - Femur, Flat - Manubrium, Irregular - Sphenoid. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the gross anatomy of a typical flat bone and a long bone.

The details of gross anatomy were not provided. Signup and view all the answers

Indicate the functional importance of bone markings.

Bone markings are characteristics on the surface of the axial and appendicular bones that indicate attachments, articulations or openings for nerves and blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the histology of compact and spongy bone.

Compact bone is composed of closely packed osteons, while spongy bone is referred to as cancellous bone and consists of spicules and trabeculae. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the microscopic structure of spongy bone.

The details of the microscopic structure were not provided. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the chemical composition of bone and the advantages conferred by its organic and inorganic components.

It has a triple helical structure, with the mineral component approximated as hydroxyapatite (HA), with the chemical formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

Endochondral ossification forms cartilage as a precursor for new bone, while intramembranous ossification lays down bone directly in primitive connective tissue without an intermediate cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the differences between primary and secondary bone.

Primary bone appears first in embryonic development and is characterized by a random position of collagen fibers, while secondary bone replaces it in most adults. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of long bone growth that occurs at the epiphyseal plates.

Long bones lengthen at the epiphyseal plate with the addition of bone tissue and increase in width by a process called appositional growth. Signup and view all the answers

Compare longitudinal and appositional bone growth.

Long bones lengthen at the epiphyseal plate with the addition of bone tissue and increase in width by a process called appositional growth. Signup and view all the answers

Explain osteoclasts.

Osteoclasts are large cells that dissolve the bone, formed from bone marrow and related to white blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

Explain osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts are the cells that form new bone and are involved in producing osteoid, which is made of bone collagen and other protein. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functional Properties of Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage caps bones and forms joints, providing smooth surfaces for articulation.
Fibrocartilage is the strongest type of cartilage, offering support and rigidity to surrounding structures.
Elastic cartilage is flexible and provides shape to structures that would break if rigid, such as the ears.

Growth of Cartilage

Interstitial growth occurs from chondrocytes forming new matrix within cartilage.
Appositional growth adds new cartilage on the surface, originating from chondrocytes in the perichondrium, a dense connective tissue layer surrounding cartilage.

Functions of Bones

Protect vital organs from injury.
Maintain body shape and structural integrity.
Produce blood cells in the bone marrow.
Store minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus.
Facilitate movement through attachment to muscles.
Help regulate acid-base balance.
Assist in detoxification by storing heavy metals and other toxins.

Bone Classifications

Short bones (e.g., patella) have a length approximately equal to their width.
Long bones (e.g., femur) are significantly longer than they are wide.
Flat bones (e.g., manubrium) are thin and provide protection and surface area for muscles.
Irregular bones (e.g., sphenoid) have complex shapes that do not fit into other categories.

Gross Anatomy of Bones

Flat bones provide protection and are typically thin; they feature a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone.
Long bones contain a diaphysis (shaft) with a medullary cavity filled with yellow marrow and epiphyses (ends) containing red marrow, which is responsible for blood cell production.

Importance of Bone Markings

Bone markings indicate sites for muscle attachment, joints (articulations), and openings for nerves and blood vessels, playing crucial roles in bone function and anatomy.

Histology of Bone

Compact bone (dense bone) features tightly packed osteons (Haversian systems) that form its structure.
Spongy bone (cancellous bone) contains trabeculae (spicules) and has spaces filled with marrow, contributing to the lightweight nature of bones.

Microscopic Structure of Spongy Bone

Spongy bone consists of a network of trabeculae that support the structure and house red marrow.

Chemical Composition of Bone

Bone has a triple helical structure of collagen, which serves as nucleation sites for hydroxyapatite crystals (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), providing strength and rigidity.

Ossification Processes

Endochondral ossification begins with cartilage as a precursor to bone formation.
Intramembranous ossification involves direct bone development from mesenchyme, without an intermediate cartilage stage.

Primary vs. Secondary Bone

Primary bone is the first tissue formed during embryonic development and in fractures, with randomly arranged collagen fibers.
Secondary bone replaces primary bone in most areas during growth and repair, characterized by fewer osteocytes, making it denser and less penetrable to x-rays.

Long Bone Growth

Growth at the epiphyseal plates extends the length of long bones, while appositional growth increases their width.

Types of Bone Growth

Long bones grow in length through the epiphyseal plates and widen through appositional growth, which involves the outer layers of bone.

Osteoclasts

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption; they dissolve bone tissue and are derived from bone marrow, related to white blood cells.

Osteoblasts

Osteoblasts are mononucleated cells that synthesize new bone; they produce osteoid (bone collagen and proteins) and regulate calcium deposition during bone formation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functional properties of various types of cartilage in the skeletal system with these flashcards. This quiz covers hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage, focusing on their unique functions and characteristics.