BIOL10521 Introduction to Laboratory Science
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason that diastolic blood pressure (DBP) tends to increase with an increase in heart rate (HR)?

  • Increased blood flow from the left ventricle leads to a higher pressure in the aorta.
  • The increased frequency of contractions allows less time for blood to leave the aorta during diastole, resulting in higher pressure. (correct)
  • The increased heart rate causes a faster decrease in blood pressure during diastole, making the diastolic pressure higher.
  • Higher heart rate leads to a greater amount of blood being ejected from the left ventricle, which increases the pressure in the aorta during diastole.

How does an increase in heart rate affect peripheral resistance?

  • Increased heart rate directly increases peripheral resistance.
  • Increased heart rate leads to a reduction in peripheral resistance, as more blood is pumped through the arteries.
  • Increased heart rate leads to a temporary increase in peripheral resistance due to the increased volume of blood being pumped.
  • Peripheral resistance is not directly affected by heart rate. (correct)

What is the significance of blood flow being 'less' out of the aorta during diastole with an increased heart rate?

  • This results in a slower decrease in blood pressure during diastole. (correct)
  • This allows for a more efficient filling of the aorta during diastole.
  • This delays the outflow of blood during systole.
  • This causes a faster decrease in blood pressure during diastole.

What happens to the pressure in the aorta during diastole with an increase in heart rate?

<p>The pressure decreases more slowly during diastole. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT cause an increase in diastolic blood pressure?

<p>Decreased heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the PCR reaction mixture?

<p>PCR primers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of resuspending plasmid DNA in TE buffer?

<p>To preserve the DNA and prevent degradation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the DNA template in the PCR reaction?

<p>To act as a starting point for DNA replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of TE buffer?

<p>Sodium chloride (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the DNA polymerase enzyme in PCR?

<p>To synthesize new strands of DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is used to determine the specific type of microbe based on its genetic material?

<p>16S rRNA sequence data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using dNTPs in the PCR reaction?

<p>To provide the building blocks for new DNA strands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the loading buffer in the PCR reaction?

<p>To help visualize the DNA fragments on a gel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods relies on differences in the physical appearance of microbial colonies?

<p>Colony morphology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing antibiotic resistance tests?

<p>To determine the effectiveness of different antibiotics on a particular microbe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does native PAGE separate proteins based on?

<p>Charge and shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to proteins during denaturation in SDS-PAGE?

<p>They are denatured and lose their complex structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is specifically mentioned as breaking bonds in proteins during SDS-PAGE?

<p>Laemmli Buffer (A), Heat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a protein?

<p>The sequence of amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure do proteins have in native PAGE?

<p>Native intact structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does denaturation do to proteins?

<p>It breaks non-covalent interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is SDS used in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis?

<p>To impart a uniform negative charge to proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the separation methods discussed?

<p>Native PAGE is effective for analyzing protein complexes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of colonies is characterized by a wet soil smell?

<p>Rhizopus stolonifer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the necessary component for setting up yeast in PCR control?

<p>A tube for control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial colony is indicated by a fuzzy appearance?

<p>Aspergillus fumigatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes Rhizopus stolonifer in terms of its habitat?

<p>Commonly associated with bread (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of fungal colonies?

<p>Furry appearance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of colony morphology, what distinguishes Streptomyces coelicolor?

<p>It produces antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is commonly found in woods and has a distinct smell?

<p>Aspergillus fumigatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common laboratory technique used for analyzing DNA in yeast and fungal colonies?

<p>PCR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a standard abbreviation used in calculating red blood cell indices?

<p>RBC (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for MCHC?

<p>percentage (%) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MCH represent in red blood cell indices?

<p>The average weight of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating MCV?

<p>PCV (decimal) / red blood cell count (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for MCV in femtolitres (fL)?

<p>78 - 100 fL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indices is directly related to the size of red blood cells?

<p>MCV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these indices is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin concentration by the red blood cell count?

<p>MCH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient's MCV is significantly lower than the normal range, what might it indicate?

<p>Iron deficiency anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primers used for in the context of the provided text?

<p>To amplify DNA sequences during PCR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MCHC measure?

<p>The concentration of hemoglobin within a red blood cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal working temperature for the Tag enzyme?

<p>72°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT directly associated with abnormal red blood cell indices?

<p>Diabetes Mellitus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the primers described in the text?

<p>18-30 bp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is NOT mentioned in the text as a method for identifying microorganisms?

<p>Gram staining (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the primers IT51 and IT54, as mentioned in the text?

<p>To identify specific types of yeast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is used to determine the viability of yeast cells?

<p>Viable cell count determination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text highlights the use of 'YEAST PC13' as an example. What is 'YEAST PC13' likely to be?

<p>A type of yeast species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text indicate the importance of determining the viability of yeast cells?

<p>By mentioning that it is a crucial step in identifying yeast species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiac Output

The amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat. Increased heart rate leads to more frequent contractions, increasing the volume of blood ejected per minute.

Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed between heartbeats.

Blood Pressure

The force that blood exerts against the walls of arteries.

Peripheral Resistance

The resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system, primarily in the arterioles. This determines how much blood flows through the circulatory system and how much pressure it takes to push the blood through.

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Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is contracting and pumping blood.

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PAGE

A type of electrophoresis that separates proteins based on their size, shape, and charge.

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Native PAGE

A technique used in PAGE that preserves the native conformation of proteins, allowing the separation of proteins based on their natural properties.

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SDS-PAGE

A technique used in PAGE where proteins are denatured before separation. This allows for the separation of proteins based solely on their size.

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Laemmli Buffer

A type of buffer used in SDS-PAGE that breaks down proteins into their primary structure.

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Protein Denaturation

The process of breaking down the complex structure of proteins into their simplest form, the primary structure.

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Primary Structure of a Protein

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.

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Tertiary Structure of a Protein

The three-dimensional structure of a protein.

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Quaternary Structure of a Protein

The association of multiple polypeptide chains to form a functional protein.

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Mean Cell Volume (MCV)

The average volume of a single red blood cell.

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MCV Unit

Measured in femtolitres (fL), where 1 fL = 10^-15 L.

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MCV Calculation

The ratio of packed cell volume (PCV) to red blood cell count, expressed in femtolitres.

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Normal MCV Range

The normal range for MCV is between 78 and 100 fL.

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Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH)

The average weight of haemoglobin per red blood cell.

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MCH Unit

Measured in picograms (pg), where 1 pg = 10^-12 g.

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MCH Calculation

The ratio of haemoglobin concentration in whole blood to red blood cell count, reported in picograms.

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Normal MCH Range

The normal range for MCH is between 27 and 32 pg.

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Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

The average concentration of haemoglobin in a red blood cell.

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MCHC Unit

Measured in g/dL, representing grams of haemoglobin per decilitre of blood.

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16S rRNA sequencing

A technique used to identify bacteria by analyzing the DNA sequence of their 16S rRNA gene.

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TE Buffer

A specialized buffer used to resuspend plasmid DNA. It typically contains Tris and EDTA.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence. It involves repeating cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.

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dNTPs

A solution containing four different nucleotides (adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine) that are used as building blocks in PCR.

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DNA Primers

Short DNA sequences that are complementary to the target DNA in PCR. They act as primers for DNA synthesis.

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DNA Polymerase

A molecule that acts as a catalyst in PCR, helping to copy the DNA.

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Loading Buffer

A solution that helps to visualize DNA strands during electrophoresis.

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Gel Electrophoresis

A tool used in molecular biology research to separate DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and charge.

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Plasmid

A small, circular piece of DNA that can replicate independently of the host chromosome.

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Antibiotic Resistance Tests

A method used to identify bacteria based on their ability to resist the effects of antibiotics.

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Primers

Small DNA sequences used as starting points for DNA replication.

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Bright field microscopy

A technique that uses a microscope to observe microorganisms in their natural state.

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YEAST PC13

A type of yeast used in research and diagnostics. PC13 is a specific strain often used.

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Determine viable cell counts

A technique used to count the number of viable cells (those capable of multiplying) in a sample.

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DNA replication

A process where DNA is copied, using an enzyme called Tag polymerase, at an ideal temperature around 72°C.

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Oil immersion microscopy

A specific type of microscope that uses oil to enhance resolution.

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Universal yeast Primers

Universal yeast primers, designated IT51 and IT54, bind to specific regions of yeast DNA.

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Tag polymerase

A specialized enzyme that facilitates DNA replication.

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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, allowing researchers to study and analyze genetic material.

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Colony Morphology

The visual characteristics of colonies grown on agar plates, such as shape, size, color, and texture.

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Agarose Gel

A type of agar plate used for growing bacteria, commonly employed in microbiology labs.

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Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

The separation of DNA fragments by size using an electric current through a gel matrix.

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Streptomyces

A genus of bacteria known for its production of antibiotics, often characterized by its distinctive, chalky appearance.

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Rhizopus stolonifer

A fungus that produces spores in a sporangium, known for its distinctive fuzzy appearance with stolons and rhizoids.

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Aspergillus fumigatus

A fungus that produces conidia, often found in decaying organic matter, known for its furry or cottony appearance.

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Control Tube in PCR

A tube containing a specific solution used as a control in PCR experiments, to ensure the quality of the experiment and the effectiveness of the reaction components.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Laboratory Science (BIOL10521) Notes

  • Course: Introduction to Laboratory Science (University of Manchester)
  • Academic year: 2020-2021
  • Document type: Practical notes

Practical 1: Blood and Saliva

  • Metric prefixes: kilo (103), milli (10-3), micro (10-6), nano (10-9), pico (10-12), femto (10-15)
  • Concentrations: % (w/v), % (v/v)
  • Dilution factor: Final concentration = initial concentration × (sample volume/final volume)
  • Spectrophotometry: Used to identify compounds and measure their concentration
  • Wavelength range: Visible light (340-800nm), UV (200-340nm)
  • Beer-Lambert Law: Absorbance is directly proportional to the analyte concentration
  • Micropipettes: White tip (0.5-10µL), yellow tip (5-50µL), blue tip (100-1000µL)

Practical 2: Algae for Biofuel

  • Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Model algal species, able to grow heterotrophically or mixotrophically
  • Storage metabolites: Starch and lipid bodies accumulate in response to nitrogen limitation
  • Nitrogen limitation: Affects chlorophyll biosynthesis, impacting photosynthesis
  • Spectrophotometry: Used to measure chlorophyll concentrations
  • Chlorophyll extraction: Method involving centrifugation and ethanol extraction
  • Chlorophyll a and b: Different types of chlorophyll measured based on their absorbance maxima.

Practical 3: Haematology, Pulses, and Blood Pressure

  • Haematology: Study of blood, including components like red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin
  • Small finger prick samples: Used for various diagnostic tests like cholesterol and blood glucose.
  • Haemocytometer: Instrument used for counting blood cells
  • Haematocrit (Hct): Percentage of red blood cells in a sample
  • Mean Cell Volume (MCV): Average volume of red blood cells.
  • Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH): Average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell
  • Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): Average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells
  • Blood pressure (BP): Systolic and diastolic values indicating heart function
  • Pulse pressure: Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Practical 4: DNA and Plasmids

  • Plasmids: Circular, double-stranded DNA molecules
  • Electrophoresis: Separates DNA molecules based on size and charge
  • DNA conformations: Supercoiled, relaxed/nicked, linear.
  • Plasmids mini-prep extraction: Method for isolating plasmids from bacteria.
  • Steps in PCR: Denaturation, annealing, extension.

Practical 5: Microbial Detectives

  • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Amplifying DNA, used to identify microbes
  • Colony morphology: Characteristics of bacterial/fungal colonies (size, shape, color)
  • Biochemical tests: Techniques aiding in the identification of microbes (e.g., Gram staining, oxidase, catalase tests)
  • 16S rRNA sequencing: Method for identifying microorganisms based on their genetic code
  • Antibiotic susceptibility testing (Kirby-Bauer): Determining the effectiveness of antibiotics against bacteria
  • Microbial motility: Bacteria movement (motile vs. non-motile)
  • Glucose metabolism: Determines if a microbe produces acid/gas as a result of glucose breakdown (oxidase)
  • Catalase test: Detects the presence or absence of catalase, an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide

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Test your knowledge on key concepts from the Introduction to Laboratory Science course at the University of Manchester. This quiz covers practical topics including blood and saliva analysis, metric prefixes, dilutions, and the use of micropipettes. Enhance your understanding of laboratory techniques and principles relevant to biological sciences.

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