BIOL 163 Unit 5: Nervous and Endocrine Control

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mode of response for the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis?

Integrating sensory information

Response via hormone secretion

Activation of glandular secretions

Response via nerve impulses (correct)

What is the main function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

Providing structural support to neuron bodies

Regulating neurotransmitter release

Wrapping around axons to form myelin sheath (correct)

Forming the blood-brain barrier

Which function of the nervous system integrates sensory information?

Sensory function

Homeostatic function

Integrative function (correct)

Motor function

Which of the following structures consists primarily of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons?

Gray matter Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are the functional units of the nervous system?

Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?

Providing structural support and regulating material exchange Signup and view all the answers

What role do neuroglia play in the nervous system?

They support and protect neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the endocrine system's function compared to the nervous system?

It responds more slowly via hormones Signup and view all the answers

What type of matter consists of myelinated axons in the central nervous system?

White matter Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotrophic factor is secreted to support the integrity and permeability of the blood-brain barrier?

Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of electrical excitability in neurons?

It enables the ability to send action potentials Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

Producing hormones directly Signup and view all the answers

What is a bundle of nerve fibers wrapped in fibrous connective tissue called?

Nerve Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons have multiple processes extending from the cell body?

Multipolar neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuroglia acts as phagocytes in the CNS?

Microglia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of astrocytes in the CNS?

Assist in nutrient transport Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes pseudounipolar neurons?

They have a single process that splits into two Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the CNS are involved in maintaining the myelin sheath?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurons convey impulses toward the CNS?

Sensory neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative size of neuroglia compared to neurons in the CNS?

Smaller and more numerous Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ependymal cells in the CNS?

Circulate cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

What are the four major parts of the adult brain?

Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Cerebrum, Brain Stem Signup and view all the answers

Which structure provides mechanical and chemical protection to the brain?

Cranial Meninges Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

To prevent movement of certain substances from blood to brain Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries supply blood to the brain?

Internal Carotid and Vertebral Arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of the cranial meninges?

Dura Mater Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves are associated with the medulla oblongata?

IX, X, XI, XII Signup and view all the answers

What role does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) play in brain function?

It offers mechanical and chemical protection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a division of the postembryonic brain?

Cerebellar Cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pons in the brain?

Connection between different brain parts Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves are associated with the pons?

V, VI, VII, VIII Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the reticular formation in the brain?

Consciousness regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thalamus in the brain?

Relay center for sensory and motor information Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily controlled by the cerebellum?

Motor coordination and balance Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT a part of the diencephalon?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the cerebral cortex?

Thought, perception, and language Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is associated with voluntary movement?

Frontal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?

Motor control and learning Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is described as the 'emotional brain'?

Limbic system Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial state of a neuron's membrane potential during the resting stage?

Negative membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the action potential involves a decrease in resting membrane potential?

Depolarization Signup and view all the answers

What is required for an action potential to occur in a neuron?

Threshold of depolarization Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the all-or-nothing principle as it relates to action potentials?

Once initiated, the action potential travels fully or not at all. Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitters play in synaptic transmission?

They transmit signals between neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of chemical synapses?

They require neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft. Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does the membrane potential return to its resting state?

Repolarization Stage Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the membrane potential when depolarization occurs?

The membrane potential becomes more positive. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 5: Regulation, Integration, and Control

Course: BIOL 163 (Human Anatomy and Physiology)
Learning Outcomes:
- List the general functions of the nervous and endocrine systems.
- Explain the structural and functional classifications of the nervous system.
- Describe the general structure of a neuron and identify its important anatomical regions.
- Define hormone and target organ.
- Describe how hormones bring about their effects in the body.
- Describe common neurological disorders and diseases.
- Provide examples of interconnected nervous and endocrine system functions.

Lecture Outline

Overview of the Nervous System
Structure of the Nervous System
Function of the Nervous System
Neurophysiology

Importance of Nervous and Endocrine Systems

Act together to coordinate all body systems.
Maintain homeostasis:
- Nervous system responds rapidly via nerve impulses
- Endocrine system responds slowly via hormones

Anatomy of the Nervous System

Approximately 3% of total body weight
Highly organized network of billions of neurons and neuroglia
Components:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses

Histology of Nervous Tissue

Neurons (Nerve Cells): Functional units of the nervous system, responsible for sensing, thinking, remembering, and controlling muscle activity, and glandular secretions.
Neuroglia: Supports, nourishes, and protects neurons, maintaining homeostasis.

Parts of Neurons

Cell body/soma/perikaryon
Nerve fiber: dendrites and axon

Classification of Neurons

Structural classification: based on the number of processes extending from the cell body (multipolar, bipolar, unipolar/pseudounipolar).
Functional classification: based on direction of nerve impulse to the CNS (sensory/afferent, motor/efferent, interneurons/association neurons).

Neuroglia of CNS

6 types, 50% volume of CNS
Smaller than neurons, but 5-50 times more numerous
Don't generate action potentials; can multiply/divide
Classified based on size, cytoplasmic processes, and intracellular organization
- Microglia: phagocytes
- Ependymal cells: help circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Neuroglia of PNS

Schwann cells: wrap PNS axons, form myelin sheath (1 Schwann cell = 1 axon).
Satellite cells: surround neuron cell bodies in PNS ganglia, support and regulate material exchange.

Groupings of Nervous Tissue

Neuronal cell bodies cluster together.
Axons group together in bundles.
Gray matter (neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia).
White matter (myelinated axons of many neurons).

Gross Anatomy of the Brain

Adult brain has 4 major parts: brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum
Classified into 6 divisions: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon (medulla oblongata), cerebellum.
Covered by cranium and cranial meninges.
Surrounded with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Brain Stem (Vital Link)

Medulla oblongata: - Contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts. - Cardiovascular center, and medullary rhythmicity area for breathing. - Nuclei of origin for cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. - Reticular formation: consciousness and arousal.
Pons: - Sensory and motor tracts - Pontine nuclei: relay nerve impulses from motor areas (cerebral cortex) to cerebellum - Vestibular nuclei: equilibrium pathways. - Pneumotaxic and apneustic areas: breathing control. - Nuclei of origin for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII
Midbrain: - Sensory and motor tracts - Superior colliculi: head, eye and trunk movements (visual stimuli) - Inferior colliculi: head, eye, and trunk movements (auditory stimuli) - Substantia nigra and red nucleus: movement control. - Nuclei of origin for cranial nerves III and IV.

Cerebellum

Movement and balance:
- Attached to brainstem by peduncles.
- Hemispheres and vermis.
- Motor coordination, balance, posture, muscle tone, and motor learning

Diencephalon (A Key Brain Region)

Thalamus: relay center for sensory and motor information, processing and integrating sensory data.
Hypothalamus: regulation of homeostasis, hunger, thirst, body temperature, sleep-wake cycles, and hormone secretion.
Epithalamus: includes pineal gland.
Subthalamus: motor control

Cerebrum (Seat of Intelligence)

Cognitive and motor functions including, thought, perception, language, memory, and emotions.
Cerebral hemispheres divided into 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital).

Cranial Nerves

Sensory nerves: CN I, II, VIII
Motor Nerves: CN III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII. (Mnemonic: Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, Such-A-Heaven)
Detailed function for each nerve

Spinal Cord

Long, thin bundle of nervous tissue.
Extends from brain stem to sacrum.
Includes gray and white matter.
Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.

Spinal Nerves

31 pairs.
Dorsal(sensory) and ventral(motor).
Cervical nerves (C1-C8): supply head, neck, shoulders, upper limbs.
Thoracic nerves (T1-T12): chest, upper back, abdomen.
Lumbar nerves (L1-L5): lower back, hips, legs.
Sacral nerves (S1-S5): pelvis, genitals, lower limbs.
Coccygeal nerve (Co1): tailbone.

Neurophysiology

Study of nervous system function.
Neurons communicate to produce complex behaviors and cognitive processes.
Diffusion potential, resting membrane potential, and action potential are important concepts.

Synaptic Transmission

Chemical synapses: most common type; neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft.
Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers transmitting signals between neurons (e.g., acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA).

Chemical Transmission of Synaptic Activity

Neurotransmitters: stored in synaptic vesicles, released into synaptic cleft in response to nerve impulses.
Effects of neurotransmitters: act on receptors of the postsynaptic neuron, effector organ.
Mechanism of termination of neurotransmission: diffusion away, reuptake, enzymatic degradation.
Neuromodulators: some chemicals that modify the effects of neurotransmitters but have little or no direct effect on their own. Types: small molecule, and large-molecule neurotransmitters.

(These notes are a compilation, and certain details may overlap)

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Description

This quiz covers Unit 5 of BIOL 163, focusing on the regulation, integration, and control of the nervous and endocrine systems. It explores their functions, structural classifications, and interactions, as well as common disorders. Test your knowledge on how these systems maintain homeostasis in the body.