BIOL 163 Unit 5: Nervous and Endocrine Control
47 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary mode of response for the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis?

  • Integrating sensory information
  • Response via hormone secretion
  • Activation of glandular secretions
  • Response via nerve impulses (correct)

What is the main function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

  • Providing structural support to neuron bodies
  • Regulating neurotransmitter release
  • Wrapping around axons to form myelin sheath (correct)
  • Forming the blood-brain barrier

Which function of the nervous system integrates sensory information?

  • Sensory function
  • Homeostatic function
  • Integrative function (correct)
  • Motor function

Which of the following structures consists primarily of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons?

<p>Gray matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are the functional units of the nervous system?

<p>Neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Providing structural support and regulating material exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neuroglia play in the nervous system?

<p>They support and protect neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the endocrine system's function compared to the nervous system?

<p>It responds more slowly via hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of matter consists of myelinated axons in the central nervous system?

<p>White matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotrophic factor is secreted to support the integrity and permeability of the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of electrical excitability in neurons?

<p>It enables the ability to send action potentials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

<p>Producing hormones directly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a bundle of nerve fibers wrapped in fibrous connective tissue called?

<p>Nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons have multiple processes extending from the cell body?

<p>Multipolar neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuroglia acts as phagocytes in the CNS?

<p>Microglia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of astrocytes in the CNS?

<p>Assist in nutrient transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes pseudounipolar neurons?

<p>They have a single process that splits into two (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the CNS are involved in maintaining the myelin sheath?

<p>Oligodendrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurons convey impulses toward the CNS?

<p>Sensory neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative size of neuroglia compared to neurons in the CNS?

<p>Smaller and more numerous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ependymal cells in the CNS?

<p>Circulate cerebrospinal fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four major parts of the adult brain?

<p>Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Cerebrum, Brain Stem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure provides mechanical and chemical protection to the brain?

<p>Cranial Meninges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

<p>To prevent movement of certain substances from blood to brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries supply blood to the brain?

<p>Internal Carotid and Vertebral Arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of the cranial meninges?

<p>Dura Mater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves are associated with the medulla oblongata?

<p>IX, X, XI, XII (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) play in brain function?

<p>It offers mechanical and chemical protection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a division of the postembryonic brain?

<p>Cerebellar Cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pons in the brain?

<p>Connection between different brain parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves are associated with the pons?

<p>V, VI, VII, VIII (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the reticular formation in the brain?

<p>Consciousness regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thalamus in the brain?

<p>Relay center for sensory and motor information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily controlled by the cerebellum?

<p>Motor coordination and balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT a part of the diencephalon?

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the cerebral cortex?

<p>Thought, perception, and language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is associated with voluntary movement?

<p>Frontal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?

<p>Motor control and learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is described as the 'emotional brain'?

<p>Limbic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial state of a neuron's membrane potential during the resting stage?

<p>Negative membrane potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the action potential involves a decrease in resting membrane potential?

<p>Depolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for an action potential to occur in a neuron?

<p>Threshold of depolarization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the all-or-nothing principle as it relates to action potentials?

<p>Once initiated, the action potential travels fully or not at all. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitters play in synaptic transmission?

<p>They transmit signals between neurons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of chemical synapses?

<p>They require neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does the membrane potential return to its resting state?

<p>Repolarization Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the membrane potential when depolarization occurs?

<p>The membrane potential becomes more positive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nervous System Function

Coordinates the functions of all body systems, maintaining homeostasis. It responds rapidly via nerve impulses for perceptions, behaviors, memories.

Endocrine System's Role

Works with the nervous system to coordinate body functions. It responds more slowly via hormones.

Neurology

Branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system's normal functioning and disorders.

Neuron

Functional unit of the nervous system; it senses, thinks, remembers, controls muscles, and regulates glandular secretions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuroglia

Supports, nourishes, and protects neurons; maintains homeostasis in interstitial fluid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ganglion

Knotlike swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nerve

Bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in connective tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Histology of Nervous Tissue

Study of the microscopic structure of nervous tissue composed of neurons and neuroglia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multipolar neurons

Neurons with many processes extending from the cell body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensory/afferent neurons

Neurons that carry nerve impulses to the central nervous system (CNS).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oligodendrocytes

Glial cells in the CNS that produce and maintain myelin sheaths around axons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Astrocytes

Star-shaped glial cells in the CNS that provide structural support and regulate the chemical environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ependymal cells

Glial cells lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bipolar neurons

Neurons with two processes extending from the cell body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Schwann cells

Cells in the PNS that wrap around axons, forming myelin sheaths.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Satellite cells

Provide structural support and regulate material exchange for neurons in PNS ganglia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gray matter

Nervous tissue containing neuron cell bodies, dendrites, axons, and neuroglia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

White matter

Nervous tissue containing myelinated axons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuroglia in PNS

Support cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that include Schwann cells and Satellite cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brain's Major Parts

The adult brain consists of four main parts: the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brain's Postembryonic Divisions

The brain is further divided into six postembryonic divisions: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cranial Meninges

Three layers of protective membranes surrounding the brain: dura mater (outer), arachnoid mater (middle), and pia mater (inner).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A clear fluid found within the brain and spinal cord, providing mechanical and chemical protection, and facilitating circulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brain Blood Supply

Blood flows to the brain through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, and returns to the heart through the internal jugular veins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

A protective mechanism that restricts the passage of certain substances from the blood into the brain, maintaining a stable environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gyri and Sulci

Gyri are the ridges on the brain's surface, while sulci are the grooves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Medulla Oblongata Function

The medulla oblongata controls vital functions like heart rate, respiration, and reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, and coughing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pons

Connects different parts of the brain via bundles of axons and nuclei, including the cerebellum, vestibular nerve, breathing centers, and cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the role of the cerebellum?

The cerebellum is responsible for movement coordination, balance, posture control, muscle tone, motor learning, and cognitive functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Midbrain

Connects the pons to the diencephalon, contains nuclei for visual reflexes, dopamine-releasing neurons for muscle control, and cranial nerves III and IV.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reticular Formation

A network-like region of white and gray matter in the brainstem that includes the reticular activating system (RAS), which controls consciousness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thalamus

A relay center for sensory and motor information that processes and integrates data before sending it to the cerebral cortex.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypothalamus

Regulates vital functions like homeostasis, hunger, thirst, body temperature, sleep-wake cycles, and hormone secretion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

The cerebrum is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Basal Ganglia

Three nuclei within each cerebral hemisphere that receive input from and send output to the cerebral cortex, involved in motor control, learning, memory, and decision-making.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Limbic System?

The 'emotional brain' that processes olfaction (smell) and memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cranial Nerves

Nerves that originate from the brain and control functions like vision, hearing, smell, taste, facial expressions, and muscle movement.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Action Potential Stages

The sequence of events that occur during a nerve impulse, starting with the resting membrane potential, continuing with depolarization, repolarization, and finally returning to the resting state.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Resting Membrane Potential

The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a neuron when it is at rest. It's typically negative inside the cell compared to outside.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Depolarization

The process where the membrane potential of a neuron becomes less negative, making the neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Repolarization

The process where the membrane potential of a neuron returns to its resting state after depolarization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Threshold

The critical level of depolarization that must be reached for an action potential to occur.

Signup and view all the flashcards

All-or-Nothing Principle

An action potential either occurs completely or not at all. The strength of the stimulus does not affect the strength of the action potential.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chemical Synapses

The most common type of synapse, where chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft and then received by the postsynaptic neuron.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Unit 5: Regulation, Integration, and Control

  • Course: BIOL 163 (Human Anatomy and Physiology)
  • Learning Outcomes:
    • List the general functions of the nervous and endocrine systems.
    • Explain the structural and functional classifications of the nervous system.
    • Describe the general structure of a neuron and identify its important anatomical regions.
    • Define hormone and target organ.
    • Describe how hormones bring about their effects in the body.
    • Describe common neurological disorders and diseases.
    • Provide examples of interconnected nervous and endocrine system functions.

Lecture Outline

  • Overview of the Nervous System
  • Structure of the Nervous System
  • Function of the Nervous System
  • Neurophysiology

Importance of Nervous and Endocrine Systems

  • Act together to coordinate all body systems.
  • Maintain homeostasis:
    • Nervous system responds rapidly via nerve impulses
    • Endocrine system responds slowly via hormones

Anatomy of the Nervous System

  • Approximately 3% of total body weight
  • Highly organized network of billions of neurons and neuroglia
  • Components:
    • Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses

Histology of Nervous Tissue

  • Neurons (Nerve Cells): Functional units of the nervous system, responsible for sensing, thinking, remembering, and controlling muscle activity, and glandular secretions.
  • Neuroglia: Supports, nourishes, and protects neurons, maintaining homeostasis.

Parts of Neurons

  • Cell body/soma/perikaryon
  • Nerve fiber: dendrites and axon

Classification of Neurons

  • Structural classification: based on the number of processes extending from the cell body (multipolar, bipolar, unipolar/pseudounipolar).
  • Functional classification: based on direction of nerve impulse to the CNS (sensory/afferent, motor/efferent, interneurons/association neurons).

Neuroglia of CNS

  • 6 types, 50% volume of CNS

  • Smaller than neurons, but 5-50 times more numerous

  • Don't generate action potentials; can multiply/divide

  • Classified based on size, cytoplasmic processes, and intracellular organization

    • Microglia: phagocytes
    • Ependymal cells: help circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Neuroglia of PNS

  • Schwann cells: wrap PNS axons, form myelin sheath (1 Schwann cell = 1 axon).
  • Satellite cells: surround neuron cell bodies in PNS ganglia, support and regulate material exchange.

Groupings of Nervous Tissue

  • Neuronal cell bodies cluster together.
  • Axons group together in bundles.
  • Gray matter (neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia).
  • White matter (myelinated axons of many neurons).

Gross Anatomy of the Brain

  • Adult brain has 4 major parts: brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum
  • Classified into 6 divisions: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon (medulla oblongata), cerebellum.
  • Covered by cranium and cranial meninges.
  • Surrounded with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • Medulla oblongata: - Contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts. - Cardiovascular center, and medullary rhythmicity area for breathing. - Nuclei of origin for cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. - Reticular formation: consciousness and arousal.
  • Pons: - Sensory and motor tracts - Pontine nuclei: relay nerve impulses from motor areas (cerebral cortex) to cerebellum - Vestibular nuclei: equilibrium pathways. - Pneumotaxic and apneustic areas: breathing control. - Nuclei of origin for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII
  • Midbrain: - Sensory and motor tracts - Superior colliculi: head, eye and trunk movements (visual stimuli) - Inferior colliculi: head, eye, and trunk movements (auditory stimuli) - Substantia nigra and red nucleus: movement control. - Nuclei of origin for cranial nerves III and IV.

Cerebellum

  • Movement and balance:
    • Attached to brainstem by peduncles.
    • Hemispheres and vermis.
    • Motor coordination, balance, posture, muscle tone, and motor learning

Diencephalon (A Key Brain Region)

  • Thalamus: relay center for sensory and motor information, processing and integrating sensory data.
  • Hypothalamus: regulation of homeostasis, hunger, thirst, body temperature, sleep-wake cycles, and hormone secretion.
  • Epithalamus: includes pineal gland.
  • Subthalamus: motor control

Cerebrum (Seat of Intelligence)

  • Cognitive and motor functions including, thought, perception, language, memory, and emotions.
  • Cerebral hemispheres divided into 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital).

Cranial Nerves

  • Sensory nerves: CN I, II, VIII
  • Motor Nerves: CN III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII. (Mnemonic: Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, Such-A-Heaven)
  • Detailed function for each nerve

Spinal Cord

  • Long, thin bundle of nervous tissue.
  • Extends from brain stem to sacrum.
  • Includes gray and white matter.
  • Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.

Spinal Nerves

  • 31 pairs.
  • Dorsal(sensory) and ventral(motor).
  • Cervical nerves (C1-C8): supply head, neck, shoulders, upper limbs.
  • Thoracic nerves (T1-T12): chest, upper back, abdomen.
  • Lumbar nerves (L1-L5): lower back, hips, legs.
  • Sacral nerves (S1-S5): pelvis, genitals, lower limbs.
  • Coccygeal nerve (Co1): tailbone.

Neurophysiology

  • Study of nervous system function.
  • Neurons communicate to produce complex behaviors and cognitive processes.
  • Diffusion potential, resting membrane potential, and action potential are important concepts.

Synaptic Transmission

  • Chemical synapses: most common type; neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft.
  • Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers transmitting signals between neurons (e.g., acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA).

Chemical Transmission of Synaptic Activity

  • Neurotransmitters: stored in synaptic vesicles, released into synaptic cleft in response to nerve impulses.
  • Effects of neurotransmitters: act on receptors of the postsynaptic neuron, effector organ.
  • Mechanism of termination of neurotransmission: diffusion away, reuptake, enzymatic degradation.
  • Neuromodulators: some chemicals that modify the effects of neurotransmitters but have little or no direct effect on their own. Types: small molecule, and large-molecule neurotransmitters.

(These notes are a compilation, and certain details may overlap)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

BIOL 163 Nervous System Past Paper PDF

Description

This quiz covers Unit 5 of BIOL 163, focusing on the regulation, integration, and control of the nervous and endocrine systems. It explores their functions, structural classifications, and interactions, as well as common disorders. Test your knowledge on how these systems maintain homeostasis in the body.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser