Questions and Answers
What is Chapter 12 about?
Evolution and relationships among different organisms through phylogeny and taxonomy.
What are the three domains of life?
Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among a species or group of species.
True
What is binomial nomenclature?
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Taxonomy is the science of naming and grouping species to construct an internationally shared __________.
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Which statement is true about phylogenetic trees?
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What are homologous structures?
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Branches on a phylogenetic tree represent the length of time that organisms evolved.
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The point where a split occurs in a phylogenetic tree is called a __________.
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What defines sister taxa?
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Study Notes
Evolutionary Relationships and Classification
- All life on Earth shares a common ancestor, illustrated through the phylogenetic "tree of life."
- Phylogeny defines the evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups.
- Systematics studies organisms to derive their relationships and can change with new discoveries.
- Taxonomy is the science of naming and grouping species, utilizing a hierarchical model for classification.
- The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, each subdivided into kingdoms and further classifications (phylum, class, order, family, genus, species).
- Taxon is the term for a group at each classification level; names at the genus and species levels are italicized.
- Binomial nomenclature combines genus and species names; e.g., domestic dog is Canis lupus familiaris, indicating its subspecies.
- Taxonomic classification is influenced by evolutionary relationships, requiring updates as new information arises.
Phylogenetic Trees
- Phylogenetic trees represent evolutionary relationships and are considered hypotheses of the evolutionary past.
- Shared characteristics are essential for constructing these trees, with branch points representing diverging lineages from common ancestors.
- Rooted trees have a single ancestral taxon at the base, indicating the lineage's origin.
- Sister taxa arise from the same branch point, sharing a common ancestor without implying one evolved from the other.
- Branch points can illustrate major evolutionary changes, such as adaptations like the amniotic egg.
Limitations of Phylogenetic Trees
- Morphology does not always equate to closeness; similar appearances can arise in unrelated organisms (convergent evolution).
- Trees do not denote the length of time; they illustrate the order of evolutionary events and traits without a time scale.
- Evolution continues across different branches, and invertebrates did not stop evolving alongside vertebrates.
Evidence for Evolutionary Relationships
- Evidence in phylogenetics derives from two main types: morphological (form and function) and genetic data.
- Organisms sharing similar features and genetic sequences are typically more closely related.
- Homologous structures indicate common evolutionary paths; examples include wings of birds and human arms, showcasing both morphological and genetic similarities.
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Description
Prepare for your BIOL 1104 examination with these flashcards focusing on Chapter 12. Explore the concepts of phylogeny and systematics, emphasizing the evolutionary history and relationships among species. Understand how various biological disciplines contribute to our comprehension of the tree of life.
