Questions and Answers
What is the difference between ethics and morality?
Ethics is the formal, systematic study of moral beliefs, while morality is adherence to informal personal values.
Define bioethics in the context of healthcare.
Bioethics is a science that deals with the study of the morality of human conduct concerning human life in all its aspects from conception to natural end.
What are the primary principles of goodness in Filipino bioethics?
Justice, respect for autonomy, compassion, veracity, fidelity, and confidentiality.
Explain the concept of beneficence in healthcare.
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Which of the following is NOT a primary principle of goodness according to Filipino bioethics?
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The ethical theory that emphasizes duties and obligations is called ______.
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What does utilitarianism focus on in ethical decision-making?
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What are the two types of utilitarianism?
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Which virtue is NOT considered a basic virtue according to Plato?
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Healthcare providers must respect the autonomy of their patients.
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What is the right to informed consent?
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What is the importance of patient rights in healthcare?
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What are the major elements of informed consent?
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What does competence refer to in the context of informed consent?
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Voluntariness means the consent must be voluntary.
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What can a patient refuse according to the Patients' Bill of Rights?
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Which of the following is NOT a limitation of patient's rights?
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What are the two types of proxy consent for adults?
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What is the definition of privacy in healthcare?
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What does confidentiality refer to?
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What does veracity mean?
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What principle underlies the duty of care towards patients?
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Nonmaleficence is understood as the principle to 'do no ____'.
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Which type of justice refers to fairness of exchange?
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Study Notes
Learning Outcomes
- Distinguish ethics from morality in healthcare.
- Define bioethics and its relevance in health settings.
- Identify different ethical theories and their implications.
- Analyze ethical principles in nursing practice.
- Apply ethical theories to nursing dilemmas in clinical contexts.
Ethics vs Morality
- Ethics is a formal study of moral beliefs; morality reflects personal values.
- Ethics examines goodness or evil of actions; morality applies this knowledge.
- Morality provides a framework for evaluating right behavior.
- Ethics serves as a theoretical guide; morality is a practical manifestation.
Bioethics
- Bioethics studies morality regarding human life from conception to death.
- Derived from “bio” (life) and “ethos” (ethics), it merges philosophy, theology, law, and medicine.
- Focuses on issues like justice, suffering, rights, and responsibilities in healthcare.
Filipino Primary Principles of Bioethics
- Grouped into three areas: Goodness, Beneficence, and Family.
Goodness
- Goodness involves justice, respect for autonomy, compassion, and fidelity.
- Filipinos exhibit goodness through hospitality and communal sharing.
- Veracity in nursing requires compassion and sensitivity (pakiramdaman).
Beneficence
- Obligation to avoid harm and promote welfare and growth.
- Represents kindness, charity, and moral duty towards others.
Family
- A critical support system in Filipino culture, influencing ethical behavior.
- Parents are seen as moral guides instilling values and responsible actions.
Ethical Theories
- Theories help frame decision-making in ethics, focusing on different perspectives.
Deontology
- Focuses on duties and obligations in ethical decision-making.
- Actions are deemed morally right based on adherence to rules, regardless of consequences (Categorical Imperative).
- Emphasizes treating others ethically—Golden Rule.
Teleological Ethics
- Centered on the outcomes of actions; Greek term “telos” means purpose.
- Actions are morally judged based on the goodness or badness of their outcomes.
- Associated with Utilitarianism, which seeks the greatest good for the greatest number.
Utilitarianism
- Measures ethical correctness by overall pleasure versus pain.
- Actions are justified if they produce the most happiness for the most people.
- There are two forms: act utilitarianism (focus on specific actions) and rule utilitarianism (focus on adherence to rules).
Virtue Ethics
- Prioritizes moral character over specific actions.
- Judges individuals on character traits cultivated through habit and reflection.
- Key virtues include wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice as identified by Plato.
- Aristotle emphasizes both intellectual and moral virtues.
Clinical Virtues
- Essential traits enabling nurses to provide effective care: fidelity, honesty, humility, respect, compassion, prudence, and courage.
Patients' Rights
- Patients possess intrinsic rights to make decisions about their healthcare.
- Key rights include the right to informed consent, informed decision, informed choice, and refusal of treatment.
Informed Consent Elements
- Competence: Patient's ability to make decisions.
- Disclosure: Information provided regarding treatment.
- Comprehension: Understanding of information received.
- Voluntariness: Patient's ability to make decisions without external pressure.
Limitations of Patients' Rights
- Rights do not include the right to die.
- A patient in severe condition may lack the capability for informed decision-making.
- Patients' rights are not absolute; they are subject to legal and ethical boundaries.### Patients’ Bill of Rights
- Patients have the right to considerate and respectful care.
- Patients must receive complete and understandable information from physicians regarding diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
- Informed consent is necessary before any procedure or treatment.
- Patients can refuse treatment within legal boundaries and must be informed of the medical consequences.
- Privacy regarding medical care must be respected, along with confidentiality of communications and records.
- Hospitals must respond reasonably to patient requests for services and provide information about relationships with other healthcare and educational institutions.
- Patients should be informed if human experimentation might affect their care and have the right to refuse participation.
- Patients have the right to continuity of care and to examine their hospital bills.
- Patients should be aware of applicable hospital rules and regulations.
Proxy Consent
- Individuals may delegate the right to consent for medical treatment to another person, applicable to themselves, minors, or wards.
- Power of attorney allows specific individuals to consent to medical care on another's behalf, often used by those fearing temporary incompetency.
- A living will outlines a patient’s wishes regarding treatment if unable to make decisions due to serious illness.
Privacy and Confidentiality
- Privacy entails the right to freedom from interference and control over personal information.
- Confidentiality involves the obligation to protect privileged information and share it responsibly.
- Information will not be disclosed unless it benefits the individual or poses a threat to public safety.
Veracity
- Veracity refers to the obligation of truthfulness and honesty in communication.
- It’s essential for valid patient consent and to maintain trust in professional relationships.
- Veracity is intertwined with fidelity (keeping promises) and trust, crucial for fruitful interventions.
Fidelity
- Fidelity means faithfulness and keeping promises to clients, forming the ethical foundation of nurse-client relationships.
- Patients expect nurses to advocate for their best interests and support their decisions, even if they conflict with personal values.
Justice
- Justice, derived from "jus," implies that everyone has rights within the context of relationships, meaning fairness is achieved in social interactions.
- There are two types of justice:
- General legal justice relates to community good and encompasses equity and common legal justice.
- Particular justice pertains to individual rights and includes commutative and distributive justice.
Beneficence
- Beneficence is the duty to act for the benefit of others, promoting good and preventing harm.
- It requires nurses to care for patients actively and avoid actions that could harm them.
- Fundamental elements of beneficence include not inflicting harm, preventing harm, removing harm, and promoting good.
Nonmaleficence
- Nonmaleficence emphasizes an obligation to avoid harm and is summarized by the phrase "do no harm."
- This principle guides caregivers to avoid inflicting injury or pain, aligning with ethical care standards.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamentals of bioethics within healthcare settings. It differentiates between ethics and morality, defines bioethics, and examines various ethical theories and principles relevant to nursing practice. Additionally, it analyzes ethical dilemmas faced by nurses in clinical scenarios.
