Biodiversity Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the most accurate and comprehensive definition of biodiversity?

  • The total amount of living organisms in a specific habitat.
  • The variety of life on Earth, encompassing genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. (correct)
  • The study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment.
  • The number of different species in a specific area.

    • Which of the following is NOT a major threat to biodiversity?

  • Increased atmospheric nitrogen levels.
  • Natural fluctuations in predator-prey populations. (correct)
  • The introduction of invasive species.
  • Habitat loss due to deforestation.

    • Which domain includes organisms with eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus?

  • Protista
  • Eukarya (correct)
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea

    • An organism that is multicellular, ingests other organisms for nutrition, and is capable of movement would be classified in which kingdom?

    <p>Animalia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the correct order of taxonomic classification from the broadest to the narrowest grouping?

    <p>Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientific name Canis lupus refers to which levels of taxonomic classification?

    <p>Genus and Species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is NOT commonly used to classify organisms?

    <p>Geographic location of the organism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited is called:

    <p>Commensalism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evolutionary mechanism is MOST associated with random changes in allele frequencies within a population?

    <p>Genetic drift (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The wings of a bat and the wings of a bird are considered what type of structures?

    <p>Analogous structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ploidy of human somatic cells?

    <p>Diploid (2n) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process directly results in the formation of gametes?

    <p>Meiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A family pedigree shows a trait appearing in every generation and in both sexes. Which mode of inheritance does this MOST likely suggest?

    <p>Autosomal dominant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a prezygotic isolating mechanism?

    <p>Temporal isolation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If two populations of a species evolve into separate species due to geographic isolation, this is an example of:

    <p>Allopatric speciation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A plant has a genotype of AaBb. Assuming independent assortment, what is one possible genetic makeup of its gametes?

    <p><em>AB</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be an example of homology?

    <p>The flipper of a whale and the arm of a human (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a phenotype?

    <p>The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Natural Selection

    The process where organisms with traits that better enable them to survive and reproduce in their environment tend to leave more offspring.

    Evolution

    A change in the genetic makeup of a population over time.

    Gene Flow

    The movement of genes between populations

    Genetic Drift

    The random changes in allele frequencies within a population.

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    Mutation

    Changes in DNA sequences.

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    Homology

    Structures with similar underlying structure but different functions (e.g., the wing of a bat and the human arm).

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    Analogy

    Structures with similar functions but different underlying structures (e.g., the wing of a bat and the wing of a bird).

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    Phenotype

    The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype and environmental factors.

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    Genotype

    The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., the alleles an organism has for a particular gene).

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    Prezygotic Isolation

    Mechanisms that prevent mating or fertilization (e.g., habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation).

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    What is biodiversity?

    The variety of life on Earth at all levels, from genes to ecosystems. Includes diversity within species (genetic), between species (species), and of ecosystems (ecosystem).

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    What are threats to biodiversity?

    Habitat loss and degradation, overexploitation, pollution, climate change, invasive species, disease.

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    What is the domain Eukarya?

    Organisms with eukaryotic cells (cells with a nucleus).

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    What is binomial nomenclature?

    A two-part scientific name for each species, consisting of the genus and species names (e.g., Homo sapiens).

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    How are organisms classified?

    Physical characteristics, genetic information, evolutionary relationships, ecological roles.

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    What is parasitism?

    One organism benefits, the other is harmed.

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    What is mutualism?

    Both organisms benefit.

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    What is a cladogram?

    A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between organisms based on shared derived characteristics.

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    Study Notes

    Biodiversity

    • Definition: Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth, encompassing genes, species, and ecosystems.
    • Threats:
      • Habitat loss/degradation (deforestation, urbanization)
      • Overexploitation (overfishing, poaching)
      • Pollution (air, water, soil)
      • Climate change
      • Invasive species
      • Disease
    • Classification (Domains):
      • Archaea: Prokaryotes in extreme environments.
      • Bacteria: Ubiquitous and diverse prokaryotes.
      • Eukarya: Organisms with a nucleus.
    • Classification (Kingdoms within Eukarya):
      • Protista: Mostly single-celled eukaryotes.
      • Fungi: Decomposers that absorb nutrients.
      • Plantae: Multicellular organisms that photosynthesise.
      • Animalia: Multicellular organisms that consume other organisms.
    • Classification Levels: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
    • Binomial Nomenclature: Two-part scientific names (e.g., Homo sapiens).
    • Classification Features: Physical characteristics, genetics, evolutionary relationships, ecological roles.
    • Organism Interactions:
      • Negative: Predation, parasitism, competition.
      • Positive: Mutualism, commensalism.
    • Cladograms: Depict evolutionary relationships based on shared derived characteristics, built using comparative anatomy/molecular/fossil data.
    • Bacteria & Viruses: Key structures are identified.

    Evolution

    • Definition: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time.
    • Mechanisms of Evolution:
      • Natural selection: Favourable traits for survival.
      • Genetic drift: Random changes in allele frequencies.
      • Gene flow: Gene movement between populations.
      • Mutation: DNA sequence changes.
    • Case Studies: Examples of evolution in action (e.g., antibiotic resistance).
    • Evidence of Evolution:
      • Fossil record
      • Comparative anatomy (homology/analogy)
      • Biogeography
      • Molecular biology (DNA/protein comparisons)
      • Embryology
    • Homology vs. Analogy:
      • Homology: Similar structure, different function.
      • Analogy: Similar function, different structure.

    Genetics

    • Cell Ploidy:
      • Gametes (sperm/egg): Haploid (n).
      • Somatic cells: Diploid (2n).
    • Gamete Formation: Meiosis, two rounds of cell division for genetic diversity.
    • Phenotype vs. Genotype:
      • Genotype: Organism's genetic makeup.
      • Phenotype: Observable characteristics (influenced by environment).
    • Inheritance Patterns: Identifying inheritance patterns from pedigrees (e.g., autosomal dominant/recessive, sex-linked).
    • Speciation:
      • Prezygotic isolation: Prevents mating/fertilization.
      • Postzygotic isolation: Prevents survival/reproduction of hybrid offspring.
      • Allopatric speciation: Geographic isolation
      • Sympatric speciation: Same geographic area.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of biodiversity, including its definition, classification into domains and kingdoms, as well as the various threats it faces. This quiz will test your understanding of the ecological importance of biodiversity and its classification. Dive into the complexity of life on Earth and learn how different organisms are categorized.

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