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Questions and Answers
What defines a species as functionally extinct?
What defines a species as functionally extinct?
Which of the following best describes the current understanding of biodiversity estimates?
Which of the following best describes the current understanding of biodiversity estimates?
What is a characteristic of a mass extinction event?
What is a characteristic of a mass extinction event?
Which group of organisms comprises the largest portion of biodiversity on Earth?
Which group of organisms comprises the largest portion of biodiversity on Earth?
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What is the role of the IUCN Red List?
What is the role of the IUCN Red List?
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What is a primary driver of the current biodiversity loss associated with the potential 6th mass extinction?
What is a primary driver of the current biodiversity loss associated with the potential 6th mass extinction?
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Which of the following statements best describes invasive species?
Which of the following statements best describes invasive species?
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What is one effective method for conserving biodiversity mentioned?
What is one effective method for conserving biodiversity mentioned?
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Why does habitat restoration often take a long time?
Why does habitat restoration often take a long time?
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What limitation does habitat restoration face?
What limitation does habitat restoration face?
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What was a significant biological event that contributed to the diversification of animals approximately 500 million years ago?
What was a significant biological event that contributed to the diversification of animals approximately 500 million years ago?
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Which group of organisms first began diversifying on land?
Which group of organisms first began diversifying on land?
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What is the primary criterion for defining a biological species?
What is the primary criterion for defining a biological species?
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What is the primary flaw in Carolus Linnaeus's classification system?
What is the primary flaw in Carolus Linnaeus's classification system?
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What does the concept of 'tree thinking' in biology help visualize?
What does the concept of 'tree thinking' in biology help visualize?
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What modern conceptual model addresses the classification of biodiversity?
What modern conceptual model addresses the classification of biodiversity?
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Which of the following statements regarding human genetic variation is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding human genetic variation is accurate?
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What term describes the pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence supports racism?
What term describes the pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence supports racism?
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What do phylogenetic trees illustrate regarding species and groups?
What do phylogenetic trees illustrate regarding species and groups?
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What indicates sister groups on a phylogenetic tree?
What indicates sister groups on a phylogenetic tree?
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Which of the following correctly describes endemic species?
Which of the following correctly describes endemic species?
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What is biodiversity primarily measured by?
What is biodiversity primarily measured by?
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Which factor is NOT related to a region's higher species richness?
Which factor is NOT related to a region's higher species richness?
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What restructuring did DNA evidence lead to in the classification of life?
What restructuring did DNA evidence lead to in the classification of life?
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Why are biodiversity hotspots critical to conserve?
Why are biodiversity hotspots critical to conserve?
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How does latitude affect species diversity?
How does latitude affect species diversity?
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What defines biodiversity in a given space?
What defines biodiversity in a given space?
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Which type of organism was the first to evolve approximately 3.8 billion years ago?
Which type of organism was the first to evolve approximately 3.8 billion years ago?
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What significant event is associated with cyanobacteria?
What significant event is associated with cyanobacteria?
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What characteristic is unique to eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes?
What characteristic is unique to eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes?
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Which of the following correctly describes the early Earth environment over 4 billion years ago?
Which of the following correctly describes the early Earth environment over 4 billion years ago?
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What is one advantage of multicellularity?
What is one advantage of multicellularity?
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How many times did multicellularity evolve according to the content?
How many times did multicellularity evolve according to the content?
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What major factor has contributed to the understanding of the history of life and biodiversity on Earth?
What major factor has contributed to the understanding of the history of life and biodiversity on Earth?
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Before cyanobacteria, what was the predominant type of organism on Earth?
Before cyanobacteria, what was the predominant type of organism on Earth?
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What is the primary role of cyanobacteria in Earth's history?
What is the primary role of cyanobacteria in Earth's history?
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Study Notes
Biodiversity & Origin of Life
- Biodiversity is a product of evolution, encompassing the number of species and their relative abundance in a given space
- Early Earth (over 4 billion years ago) was hot, lacked oxygen, and had little liquid water
- The first organisms were prokaryotes (bacteria) which evolved around 3.8 billion years ago, small, single-celled, and anaerobic
- Cyanobacteria evolved the ability to produce oxygen, transforming Earth's atmosphere
- Eukaryotes evolved, featuring a "true nucleus" and other cell structures called "organelles"
- Multicellularity evolved several times, leading to the development of plants, animals, fungi, and more
- Cambrian Explosion (around 500 million years ago) saw a massive diversification of animals in the seas
- Plants were the first to colonize land, followed by animals
Classification of Biodiversity
- Taxonomy is the classification and naming of organisms
- Biological species are groups of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
- Linnaean classification, developed by Carolus Linnaeus, uses nested classes and binomial nomenclature (two-part naming system)
- Phylogenetic trees visually represent relationships between species, originally based on morphology and later on genetics
- Molecular phylogeny uses DNA sequencing to compare molecular data, leading to the classification of life into three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Biodiversity and Distribution
- Species richness refers to the number of species in a location
- Relative abundance measures the proportion of each species present in a given area
- Areas closer to the equator generally have higher biodiversity due to higher primary energy input from the sun and more stable climates
- Biodiversity hotspots are geographical areas with high numbers of endemic species
- Endemic species are native to a single geographical location
Threats to Biodiversity
- Humans are driving a potential 6th mass extinction event, likely initiated by European global colonization
- Major threats include habitat loss and fragmentation, overharvesting, species introductions, pollution, and climate change
- Invasive species can survive and harm native species, disrupting ecosystems
- Conservation efforts include changing human behaviour, habitat restoration, nature preserves, captive breeding, and climate change mitigation
- Habitat restoration aims to rehabilitate damaged ecosystems
- The IUCN Red List tracks endangered species
Extinction
- Extinction is the complete disappearance of a species
- Functional extinction occurs when a population becomes too small to recover
- Mass extinctions involve sudden and dramatic loss of biodiversity
- We are currently experiencing a potential sixth mass extinction event
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Description
Test your knowledge on the origins of life and the diversity of organisms that have evolved on Earth. This quiz covers early Earth conditions, the development of prokaryotes to eukaryotes, and the events leading to the Cambrian Explosion. Explore the fundamentals of taxonomy and the classification of species.
