Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of bonds do peptidases hydrolyze?
What type of bonds do peptidases hydrolyze?
- Covalent bonds
- Hydrogen bonds
- Peptide bonds (correct)
- Ionic bonds
What type of bonds do nucleases break down?
What type of bonds do nucleases break down?
- Peptide bonds
- Glycosidic bonds
- Nucleic bonds (correct)
- Hydrogen bonds
What is the alkaline pH that the small intestine must maintain?
What is the alkaline pH that the small intestine must maintain?
- 7.5-8.5 (correct)
- 6.0-7.0
- 8.0-9.0
- 7.0-8.0
Bicarbonate ions are secreted by the ____ into the duodenum?
Bicarbonate ions are secreted by the ____ into the duodenum?
Blood capillaries absorb what?
Blood capillaries absorb what?
Regarding movement in the small intestine, what process creates propulsion?
Regarding movement in the small intestine, what process creates propulsion?
Regarding movement in the small intestine, what process creates a mixing effect?
Regarding movement in the small intestine, what process creates a mixing effect?
Regarding movement in the small intestine, what relaxes to allow chyme to move into the cecum?
Regarding movement in the small intestine, what relaxes to allow chyme to move into the cecum?
Regarding movement in the small intestine, what causes local reflexes that make the ileocecal valve constrict?
Regarding movement in the small intestine, what causes local reflexes that make the ileocecal valve constrict?
What are carbohydrates broken down into?
What are carbohydrates broken down into?
What enzymes are involved in the breakdown of proteins?
What enzymes are involved in the breakdown of proteins?
What are trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase secreted by?
What are trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase secreted by?
What enzyme breaks down emulsified fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides?
What enzyme breaks down emulsified fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides?
What does the large intestine consist of?
What does the large intestine consist of?
In regards to the motility of the large intestine, what process pushes feces into the rectum?
In regards to the motility of the large intestine, what process pushes feces into the rectum?
Mass movements are integrated by what nerve system?
Mass movements are integrated by what nerve system?
What initiates the gastrocolic reflex?
What initiates the gastrocolic reflex?
What initiates the duodenocolic reflex?
What initiates the duodenocolic reflex?
In regards to bacteria in the large intestine, what do they help produce?
In regards to bacteria in the large intestine, what do they help produce?
The defecation reflex is innervated by what branch of the nervous system?
The defecation reflex is innervated by what branch of the nervous system?
What is the voluntary action that can generate a defecation reflex?
What is the voluntary action that can generate a defecation reflex?
What secondary effect does the Valsalva maneuver have?
What secondary effect does the Valsalva maneuver have?
The internal anal sphincter is controlled by what nervous system?
The internal anal sphincter is controlled by what nervous system?
When the rectum is full, what relaxes and continues the defecation process?
When the rectum is full, what relaxes and continues the defecation process?
The external anal sphincter is controlled by what nervous system?
The external anal sphincter is controlled by what nervous system?
The process by which the body obtains and uses certain components for food is called?
The process by which the body obtains and uses certain components for food is called?
What nutrients are needed in large amounts?
What nutrients are needed in large amounts?
What nutrients are needed in small amounts?
What nutrients are needed in small amounts?
What are the components of plasma membranes that can be modified to form bile salts and steroids?
What are the components of plasma membranes that can be modified to form bile salts and steroids?
What is part of the plasma membrane and is used to construct the myelin sheath?
What is part of the plasma membrane and is used to construct the myelin sheath?
What has one or more double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of their fatty acids?
What has one or more double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of their fatty acids?
What type of fat has one double bond?
What type of fat has one double bond?
What type of fat has two or more double bonds?
What type of fat has two or more double bonds?
What type of amino acid can the body synthesize?
What type of amino acid can the body synthesize?
What kind of proteins contain all the necessary amino acids?
What kind of proteins contain all the necessary amino acids?
What are organic molecules that exist in minute quantities in food?
What are organic molecules that exist in minute quantities in food?
Which vitamins are lipid soluble and can be stored in fatty tissue (to the point of toxicity)?
Which vitamins are lipid soluble and can be stored in fatty tissue (to the point of toxicity)?
Which vitamins are water-soluble and therefore are not stored in the body for long periods before being excreted?
Which vitamins are water-soluble and therefore are not stored in the body for long periods before being excreted?
Which of the following are two functions of minerals? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are two functions of minerals? (Select all that apply)
What is the daily requirement for major minerals?
What is the daily requirement for major minerals?
What is an energy-releasing process where large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules?
What is an energy-releasing process where large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules?
What is an energy-requiring process where small molecules are joined to form large molecules?
What is an energy-requiring process where small molecules are joined to form large molecules?
What is broken down into monosaccharides such as glucose, which are subsequently broken down further to produce ATP?
What is broken down into monosaccharides such as glucose, which are subsequently broken down further to produce ATP?
What is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, which then can enter a pathway similar to the pathway which carbohydrates generate ATP?
What is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, which then can enter a pathway similar to the pathway which carbohydrates generate ATP?
What is digested into amino acids, which enter a pathway to be broken down further to generate ATP?
What is digested into amino acids, which enter a pathway to be broken down further to generate ATP?
What is the process described by the following steps? 1. Blood glucose levels spike, stimulating the release of insulin from the blood into cells. 2. Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate upon entering cells. 3. Glucose-6-phosphate continues to glycolysis to produce ATP.
What is the process described by the following steps? 1. Blood glucose levels spike, stimulating the release of insulin from the blood into cells. 2. Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate upon entering cells. 3. Glucose-6-phosphate continues to glycolysis to produce ATP.
What is the process called that involves the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate from glucose, conversion to glycerol, and the combination of glycerol with fatty acid chains to form triglycerides?
What is the process called that involves the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate from glucose, conversion to glycerol, and the combination of glycerol with fatty acid chains to form triglycerides?
What process occurs when glycogen stores are filled?
What process occurs when glycogen stores are filled?
What process occurs when blood glucose levels decrease?
What process occurs when blood glucose levels decrease?
What is the product of carbohydrate digestion?
What is the product of carbohydrate digestion?
What is the first part of carbohydrate metabolism?
What is the first part of carbohydrate metabolism?
These are the major steps for what process? 1. The input of ATP: 2 ATP is used to make glucose more reactive in a process called phosphorylation; 2. Sugar cleavage: fructose-1,6-biphosphate is cleaved into 2 3-carbon molecules; 3. NADH production (electron carrier molecule); 4. ATP and pyruvate production.
These are the major steps for what process? 1. The input of ATP: 2 ATP is used to make glucose more reactive in a process called phosphorylation; 2. Sugar cleavage: fructose-1,6-biphosphate is cleaved into 2 3-carbon molecules; 3. NADH production (electron carrier molecule); 4. ATP and pyruvate production.
What are the final products from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?
What are the final products from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?
What is the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen?
What is the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen?
The following steps describe a process: 1. Glycolysis: Glucose undergoes several reactions to produce two pyruvate molecules and two NADH, with a net gain of two ATP molecules. 2. Lactate formation: Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, a reaction that requires energy from NADH produced in glycolysis. What is this process?
The following steps describe a process: 1. Glycolysis: Glucose undergoes several reactions to produce two pyruvate molecules and two NADH, with a net gain of two ATP molecules. 2. Lactate formation: Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, a reaction that requires energy from NADH produced in glycolysis. What is this process?
What is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and 32 ATP molecules?
What is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and 32 ATP molecules?
What process contains these 4 phases in order: Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA formation, Citric acid cycle, Electron-transport chain?
What process contains these 4 phases in order: Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA formation, Citric acid cycle, Electron-transport chain?
The two pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis are converted to two acetyl-CoA molecules, producing CO2 and NADH. This is what part of aerobic respiration?
The two pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis are converted to two acetyl-CoA molecules, producing CO2 and NADH. This is what part of aerobic respiration?
What does the citric acid cycle produce?
What does the citric acid cycle produce?
What process begins with the product of citric acid?
What process begins with the product of citric acid?
What is the citric acid cycle also known as?
What is the citric acid cycle also known as?
At the inner mitochondrial membrane, the electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to produce 28 ATP while combining with H+ to form H2O. What is this process called?
At the inner mitochondrial membrane, the electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to produce 28 ATP while combining with H+ to form H2O. What is this process called?
What is the process that ATP synthase couples the movement of protons down the gradient to form ATP called?
What is the process that ATP synthase couples the movement of protons down the gradient to form ATP called?
What is broken down and released as free fatty acids?
What is broken down and released as free fatty acids?
How are free fatty acids processed by cells?
How are free fatty acids processed by cells?
What is acetyl-CoA's role in fatty acid metabolism?
What is acetyl-CoA's role in fatty acid metabolism?
During beta-oxidation, how many carbon atoms are removed from the end of a fatty acid chain to form acetyl-CoA?
During beta-oxidation, how many carbon atoms are removed from the end of a fatty acid chain to form acetyl-CoA?
Where does ketogenesis primarily occur?
Where does ketogenesis primarily occur?
What is the function of ketone bodies in skeletal muscle?
What is the function of ketone bodies in skeletal muscle?
What can ketosis lead to if ketone bodies are produced in excess?
What can ketosis lead to if ketone bodies are produced in excess?
What is the primary use of amino acids in the body?
What is the primary use of amino acids in the body?
How are amino acids stored in the body?
How are amino acids stored in the body?
How are non-essential amino acids formed?
How are non-essential amino acids formed?
What process do amino acids undergo when used for energy?
What process do amino acids undergo when used for energy?
What are the by-products of oxidative deamination?
What are the by-products of oxidative deamination?
What happens to ammonia produced during oxidative deamination?
What happens to ammonia produced during oxidative deamination?
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Glycolysis consists of 10 separate reactions. After the last reaction occurs, glucose has been broken down into two identical smaller molecules. What is the name of these molecules?
Glycolysis consists of 10 separate reactions. After the last reaction occurs, glucose has been broken down into two identical smaller molecules. What is the name of these molecules?
What are the three final products of glycolysis, including the net total of each?
What are the three final products of glycolysis, including the net total of each?
How many molecules of NADH are produced by the conversion of two pyruvate molecules into two molecules of acetyl-CoA?
How many molecules of NADH are produced by the conversion of two pyruvate molecules into two molecules of acetyl-CoA?
During acetyl-CoA formation, each pyruvate is modified and eventually becomes a 2-carbon acetyl group. What enzyme is then added to each to form acetyl-CoA?
During acetyl-CoA formation, each pyruvate is modified and eventually becomes a 2-carbon acetyl group. What enzyme is then added to each to form acetyl-CoA?
What gas is released during acetyl-CoA formation?
What gas is released during acetyl-CoA formation?
After two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle, how many FADH2 molecules are made?
After two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle, how many FADH2 molecules are made?
After two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle, how many carbon dioxide molecules are produced?
After two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle, how many carbon dioxide molecules are produced?
Where does the citric acid cycle take place within the mitochondria?
Where does the citric acid cycle take place within the mitochondria?
After two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle, how many NADH molecules are produced?
After two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle, how many NADH molecules are produced?
After two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle, how many ATP molecules are produced?
After two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle, how many ATP molecules are produced?
What molecule is formed in the first step of the citric acid cycle when acetyl Co-A reacts with oxaloacetic acid?
What molecule is formed in the first step of the citric acid cycle when acetyl Co-A reacts with oxaloacetic acid?
To get back to the mitochondrial matrix, H+ has to use a protein channel. What is the name of this channel?
To get back to the mitochondrial matrix, H+ has to use a protein channel. What is the name of this channel?
In the electron transport chain, where does the energy come from that allows the proton pumps to move H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
In the electron transport chain, where does the energy come from that allows the proton pumps to move H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What is responsible for producing ATP in the electron transport chain?
What is responsible for producing ATP in the electron transport chain?
In the electron transport chain, three of the electron carriers also act as proton pumps. These pumps move H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the ___________________ of the mitochondria.
In the electron transport chain, three of the electron carriers also act as proton pumps. These pumps move H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the ___________________ of the mitochondria.
In the electron transport chain, what is transferred from NADH and FADH2 to electron-transport carriers that are associated with the protein complexes?
In the electron transport chain, what is transferred from NADH and FADH2 to electron-transport carriers that are associated with the protein complexes?
How many protein complexes are found in the electron transport chain?
How many protein complexes are found in the electron transport chain?
During the electron transport chain, NADH and FADH2 release electrons and _______________ in the mitochondrial matrix.
During the electron transport chain, NADH and FADH2 release electrons and _______________ in the mitochondrial matrix.
As H+ diffuses through ATP synthase, energy is released which allows ATP synthase to produce ATP. What is the name of this process?
As H+ diffuses through ATP synthase, energy is released which allows ATP synthase to produce ATP. What is the name of this process?
Which phase of aerobic respiration makes the most ATP?
Which phase of aerobic respiration makes the most ATP?
Which phase of aerobic respiration makes the most NADH?
Which phase of aerobic respiration makes the most NADH?
Which phase of aerobic respiration makes the most NADH?
Which phase of aerobic respiration makes the most NADH?
How many ATP (net total) are produced by one glucose molecule during aerobic respiration?
How many ATP (net total) are produced by one glucose molecule during aerobic respiration?
What two plexi are part of the enteric nervous system?
What two plexi are part of the enteric nervous system?
What inhibits digestive tract motility and secretions?
What inhibits digestive tract motility and secretions?
What stimulates digestive tract motility and secretions?
What stimulates digestive tract motility and secretions?
What is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity called?
What is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity called?
What is the primary function of teeth?
What is the primary function of teeth?
How many teeth do adults normally have, and how are they distributed?
How many teeth do adults normally have, and how are they distributed?
Which teeth are commonly referred to as 'wisdom teeth'?
Which teeth are commonly referred to as 'wisdom teeth'?
At what age do deciduous (primary) teeth typically begin to appear?
At what age do deciduous (primary) teeth typically begin to appear?
When does the replacement of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth usually start and end?
When does the replacement of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth usually start and end?
Which part of the tooth is covered by enamel?
Which part of the tooth is covered by enamel?
What is the largest region of the tooth that anchors it in the bone?
What is the largest region of the tooth that anchors it in the bone?
What is the purpose of the pulp cavity within the tooth?
What is the purpose of the pulp cavity within the tooth?
What is the name of the hole where nerves and blood vessels enter and exit the pulp of a tooth?
What is the name of the hole where nerves and blood vessels enter and exit the pulp of a tooth?
What type of tissue is dentin, and where is it located?
What type of tissue is dentin, and where is it located?
What is the function of enamel?
What is the function of enamel?
What is the role of cementum in the tooth structure?
What is the role of cementum in the tooth structure?
Where are teeth anchored within the jaw?
Where are teeth anchored within the jaw?
What tissue covers the alveolar processes in the mouth?
What tissue covers the alveolar processes in the mouth?
What is the function of periodontal ligaments?
What is the function of periodontal ligaments?
What is the largest organ in the body by weight?
What is the largest organ in the body by weight?
How many lobes does the liver have?
How many lobes does the liver have?
Which ligament separates the two major lobes of the liver?
Which ligament separates the two major lobes of the liver?
What are the two minor lobes of the liver?
What are the two minor lobes of the liver?
The porta hepatis is located on which surface of the liver?
The porta hepatis is located on which surface of the liver?
Which vessels enter the liver through the porta hepatis?
Which vessels enter the liver through the porta hepatis?
Which vessels exit the liver through the porta hepatis?
Which vessels exit the liver through the porta hepatis?
What forms the common hepatic duct?
What forms the common hepatic duct?
Where does the cystic duct originate?
Where does the cystic duct originate?
The common bile duct is formed by the union of which two structures?
The common bile duct is formed by the union of which two structures?
Hepatic cords are composed of what type of cells?
Hepatic cords are composed of what type of cells?
Which of the following is NOT a function of hepatocytes?
Which of the following is NOT a function of hepatocytes?
During the cephalic phase of stomach secretion, what first stimulates the medulla oblongata?
During the cephalic phase of stomach secretion, what first stimulates the medulla oblongata?
Which nerves carry parasympathetic action potentials to the stomach, activating the enteric plexus?
Which nerves carry parasympathetic action potentials to the stomach, activating the enteric plexus?
In the cephalic phase, what is stimulated by postganglionic neurons in the stomach?
In the cephalic phase, what is stimulated by postganglionic neurons in the stomach?
What is the role of gastrin during the cephalic phase?
What is the role of gastrin during the cephalic phase?
Which of the following inhibits gastric secretions when chyme with a pH less than 2 or containing lipids enters the duodenum?
Which of the following inhibits gastric secretions when chyme with a pH less than 2 or containing lipids enters the duodenum?
What sensory input to the medulla from the duodenum causes inhibition of gastric secretion?
What sensory input to the medulla from the duodenum causes inhibition of gastric secretion?
What is the function of local reflexes in the intestinal phase of stomach regulation?
What is the function of local reflexes in the intestinal phase of stomach regulation?
Which hormones produced by the duodenum decrease gastric secretions in the stomach?
Which hormones produced by the duodenum decrease gastric secretions in the stomach?
Flashcards
Beta-oxidation
Beta-oxidation
The process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA
A molecule produced during beta-oxidation and used in the citric acid cycle or ketogenesis.
Ketogenesis
Ketogenesis
The process of producing ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA in the liver.
Ketone bodies
Ketone bodies
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Acidosis
Acidosis
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Transamination
Transamination
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Oxidative deamination
Oxidative deamination
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Urea
Urea
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Teeth Function
Teeth Function
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Wisdom teeth
Wisdom teeth
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Deciduous teeth
Deciduous teeth
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Enamel
Enamel
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Pulp cavity
Pulp cavity
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Adult teeth
Adult teeth
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Periodontal ligaments
Periodontal ligaments
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Liver Anatomy
Liver Anatomy
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Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic portal vein
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Hepatocytes
Hepatocytes
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Amino acids
Amino acids
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Cephalic phase
Cephalic phase
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Intestinal phase
Intestinal phase
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Secretin
Secretin
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Cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin
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Study Notes
Free Fatty Acid Metabolism
- Free fatty acids are broken down by beta-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which can then enter the citric acid cycle or undergo ketogenesis.
- Beta-oxidation removes two carbon atoms from the end of a fatty acid chain per cycle, producing acetyl-CoA.
Ketogenesis
- Ketogenesis primarily occurs in the liver.
- Ketone bodies are used by skeletal muscle to produce ATP via the citric acid cycle.
- Excess ketone bodies can lead to acidosis, a condition where the body becomes overly acidic.
Protein Metabolism
- Amino acids are primarily used to synthesize proteins.
- Non-essential amino acids can be formed through transamination, a process that transfers an amine group to a keto acid.
- Amino acids can be used for energy through oxidative deamination which produces ammonia and ketoacids.
- Ammonia produced during oxidative deamination is converted into urea and excreted from the body.
Teeth Functions and Structure
- Teeth are primarily used for breaking down food, aiding in digestion, and assisting in speech.
- Adults typically have 32 teeth, distributed between the upper and lower jaw.
- The third molars are commonly referred to as "wisdom teeth."
- Deciduous teeth begin to appear around 6 to 24 months of age.
- Permanent teeth replace deciduous teeth and the process usually starts around age 5 and ends by age 11.
- Enamel, the outermost layer of the tooth, covers the crown and protects the tooth.
- The root is the largest region of the tooth that anchors it to the bone.
- The pulp cavity contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.
- The apical foramen is the hole where nerves and blood vessels enter and exit the pulp of a tooth.
- Dentin, a living, calcified tissue surrounding the pulp cavity, provides support and structure.
- Cementum anchors the tooth to the periodontal ligament.
- Teeth are anchored within the alveoli, which are socket-like cavities in the jaw bones.
- Gingiva, also known as gums, covers alveolar processes in the mouth.
- Periodontal ligaments, found in the alveoli, help to secure the teeth in place.
Liver Anatomy and Function
- The liver is the largest organ in the body by weight.
- The liver has two major lobes (right and left) and two minor lobes (caudate and quadrate).
- The falciform ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver.
- The porta hepatis is located on the inferior surface of the liver.
- The hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic nerve plexus enter the liver through the porta hepatis.
- The common hepatic duct, formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts, exits the liver via the porta hepatis.
- The cystic duct originates from the gallbladder.
- The common bile duct is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct.
- Hepatic cords are composed of hepatocytes.
- Hepatocytes perform several crucial functions, including bile production, detoxification, blood filtration, storage, and interconversion of nutrients.
Stomach Secretion Phases
- The cephalic phase of stomach secretion is stimulated by the taste, smell, or thought of food, or touching food in the mouth, which triggers the medulla oblongata.
- The vagus nerves carry parasympathetic action potentials to the stomach, activating the enteric plexus.
- During the cephalic phase, postganglionic neurons in the stomach stimulate parietal and chief cells to secrete gastric juices, as well as gastrin and histamine.
- Gastrin, a hormone, stimulates both parietal and chief cells, increasing stomach secretions.
- The intestinal phase of stomach regulation involves three mechanisms to inhibit gastric secretion: local reflexes, sensory input to the medulla, and hormone release.
- Sensory input from the duodenum involving local reflexes decreases motor input from the medulla, also inhibiting gastric secretion.
- Secretin and cholecystokinin, hormones produced by the duodenum, inhibit gastric secretions in the stomach.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the types of bonds hydrolyzed by peptidases. Test your understanding of these important enzymes and their role in protein digestion. Ideal for students studying biochemistry or molecular biology.
