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Questions and Answers
What process is involved in forming disaccharides from monosaccharides?
What process is involved in forming disaccharides from monosaccharides?
Which of the following is a disaccharide comprised of glucose and fructose?
Which of the following is a disaccharide comprised of glucose and fructose?
What is the major structural role of polysaccharides in organisms?
What is the major structural role of polysaccharides in organisms?
Which polysaccharide is primarily used for energy storage in animals?
Which polysaccharide is primarily used for energy storage in animals?
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Which monosaccharides are combined to form sucrose?
Which monosaccharides are combined to form sucrose?
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What is the primary function of catabolic reactions?
What is the primary function of catabolic reactions?
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Which of the following statements about monomers is true?
Which of the following statements about monomers is true?
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What process is involved in the formation of larger molecules by removing water?
What process is involved in the formation of larger molecules by removing water?
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Which organic molecule is not classified under nucleic acids?
Which organic molecule is not classified under nucleic acids?
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What is the main characteristic of anabolic reactions?
What is the main characteristic of anabolic reactions?
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What role do enzymes play in metabolism?
What role do enzymes play in metabolism?
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Which of the following illustrates a catabolic reaction?
Which of the following illustrates a catabolic reaction?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid?
Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid?
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Which process leads to the formation of disaccharides and polysaccharides?
Which process leads to the formation of disaccharides and polysaccharides?
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What is the correct ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?
What is the correct ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?
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Which of the following is a disaccharide?
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
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What is the main purpose of carbohydrates in the human body?
What is the main purpose of carbohydrates in the human body?
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Which of the following statements is true about monosaccharides?
Which of the following statements is true about monosaccharides?
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What are the examples of polysaccharides?
What are the examples of polysaccharides?
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What is the origin of glucose in the human body?
What is the origin of glucose in the human body?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of carbohydrates?
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What is the primary function of starch in plants?
What is the primary function of starch in plants?
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What triggers the formation of glycogen in the liver?
What triggers the formation of glycogen in the liver?
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Why is cellulose not easily digested by humans?
Why is cellulose not easily digested by humans?
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Which of the following correctly describes the monomers used in glycogen?
Which of the following correctly describes the monomers used in glycogen?
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What happens to glycogen stored in the body when energy is needed?
What happens to glycogen stored in the body when energy is needed?
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What role does cellulose (fiber) play in the human body?
What role does cellulose (fiber) play in the human body?
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Which statement accurately describes saturated fats?
Which statement accurately describes saturated fats?
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What is a primary function of lipids in the human body?
What is a primary function of lipids in the human body?
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What do triglycerides consist of?
What do triglycerides consist of?
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Which type of lipids is not soluble in water?
Which type of lipids is not soluble in water?
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Which property distinguishes unsaturated fats from saturated fats?
Which property distinguishes unsaturated fats from saturated fats?
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What is a common source of saturated fats?
What is a common source of saturated fats?
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What characteristic of lipids allows them to function as insulators?
What characteristic of lipids allows them to function as insulators?
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What is the unique structural feature of phospholipids that contributes to the formation of cell membranes?
What is the unique structural feature of phospholipids that contributes to the formation of cell membranes?
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What is the primary function of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in the blood?
What is the primary function of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in the blood?
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What health issues are associated with high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)?
What health issues are associated with high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)?
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Which type of lipid is characterized by its structure of four fused carbon rings?
Which type of lipid is characterized by its structure of four fused carbon rings?
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What distinguishes high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) from low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)?
What distinguishes high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) from low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)?
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What role does cholesterol play in the body?
What role does cholesterol play in the body?
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What lifestyle changes can help increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels?
What lifestyle changes can help increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels?
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Why are fatty acid tails of phospholipids classified as hydrophobic?
Why are fatty acid tails of phospholipids classified as hydrophobic?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry Overview
- Four major types of organic molecules are important in biology: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are the body's main energy source.
- Humans cannot produce carbohydrates, so they must be consumed from plants.
- Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of 1:2:1.
- Examples include glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, and glycogen.
- Monosaccharides are single sugar units.
- Disaccharides are two sugar units.
- Polysaccharides are many sugar units.
- Disaccharides and polysaccharides are formed through dehydration synthesis.
- Monosaccharides are also known as isomers. The chemical formula is C₆H₁₂O₆.
Lipids
- Lipids are insoluble in water.
- Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of H to O greater than 2 to 1.
- Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
- Triglycerides are commonly known as fats and are formed from one glycerol and three fatty acids through dehydration synthesis.
- Saturated fats are usually from animals, have only single bonds between carbon atoms, are very stable, and are solid or semi-solid at room temperature. Examples include butter.
- Unsaturated fats are usually from plants, have some double bonds between carbon atoms, are more reactive, and are liquid at room temperature. Examples include canola oil.
- Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes. They are formed from one glycerol, two fatty acids, and one phosphate. Phosphates are hydrophilic (polar), and fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (nonpolar).
- Steroids have a structure of four fused carbon rings. Examples include cholesterol and testosterone.
- Lipids are long-term energy storage molecules, containing more than twice the calories than carbohydrates or proteins. They provide structural materials for cell membranes, cushion for organs, and carry vitamins. They're also raw materials for hormone synthesis and provide insulation.
Proteins
- Proteins are made of amino acids.
- Proteins have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA.
Metabolism
- Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
- Metabolism can be catabolic or anabolic. Over 200,000 reactions happen in your body cells.
- Monomers are basic subunits used to build larger molecules. Examples include amino acids.
- Polymers are molecules composed of many monomers bonded together, such as a protein.
- Catabolic reactions break down larger molecules (polymers) into smaller ones (monomers). Digestion is an example.
- Anabolic reactions build larger molecules (polymers) from smaller ones (monomers). Photosynthesis and the formation of carbohydrates are examples.
- Hydrolysis is a catabolic process that uses water to break down a molecule.
- Dehydration synthesis is an anabolic process that forms a larger molecule while removing water.
Polymers
- Natural polymers include clothing, food (meat, eggs, etc.), and DNA.
- Human-made polymers include containers and cookware.
Important Polysaccharides
- Starch (plants): a storage molecule for glucose.
- Glycogen (animals): a branched storage molecule for glucose.
- Cellulose (plants): a structural material in plant cell walls.
Cholesterol & Diet
- Cholesterol is a lipid molecule made in the liver. It's used in cell membranes and hormones.
- High cholesterol levels have been linked to atherosclerosis, gallstones, and heart disease.
- People get cholesterol from foods like egg yolks, meat, poultry, fish, and milk products.
- Saturated fats and trans fats can raise blood cholesterol levels.
- Decreasing cholesterol intake involves eating lean meat, fish, poultry, using fat-free and low-fat dairy, and eating vegetables as good protein substitutes.
- Exercise can also lower LDLs (bad cholesterol).
Other Terms
- HDL: High-Density Lipoproteins - A type of lipoprotein considered "good".
- LDL: Low-Density Lipoproteins - A type of lipoprotein considered "bad".
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Description
Test your knowledge on the major organic molecules in biology with this quiz focusing on carbohydrates and lipids. Explore their structures, functions, and significance in human nutrition. Challenge yourself to understand the basics of biochemistry through effective questions.
