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Questions and Answers
What is the correct sequence of the Central Dogma of Biochemistry?
What is the correct sequence of the Central Dogma of Biochemistry?
- Protein → RNA → DNA
- DNA → RNA → Protein (correct)
- DNA → Protein → RNA
- RNA → Protein → DNA
Which process is responsible for the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?
Which process is responsible for the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?
- Transcription (correct)
- Replication
- Mutation
- Translation
How does natural selection influence mutations?
How does natural selection influence mutations?
- Mutations are propagated if they provide an advantage. (correct)
- All mutations are beneficial.
- Mutations occur only in favorable environments.
- Natural selection eliminates all harmful mutations.
Which statement about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is true?
Which statement about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is true?
What is the main difference between favorable and unfavorable reactions in biochemical processes?
What is the main difference between favorable and unfavorable reactions in biochemical processes?
Which of the following statements is true regarding mutations?
Which of the following statements is true regarding mutations?
Which group of organisms is characterized by the presence of a nucleus?
Which group of organisms is characterized by the presence of a nucleus?
What is a key concept emphasizing the foundation of biochemistry?
What is a key concept emphasizing the foundation of biochemistry?
Which of the following describes the role of large biomolecules?
Which of the following describes the role of large biomolecules?
What aspect is critical for describing biochemical reactions?
What aspect is critical for describing biochemical reactions?
What is essential for interpreting biochemical information?
What is essential for interpreting biochemical information?
Which statement best describes the structural parts of a cell?
Which statement best describes the structural parts of a cell?
What does cellular foundation refer to in biochemistry?
What does cellular foundation refer to in biochemistry?
Which of the following statements about the perpetuation of living organisms is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the perpetuation of living organisms is accurate?
What characterizes living matter?
What characterizes living matter?
Which component is NOT commonly found in prokaryotic cells?
Which component is NOT commonly found in prokaryotic cells?
Which chemical structure is known as a carbonyl group?
Which chemical structure is known as a carbonyl group?
Which functional group is characterized by the structure –COOH?
Which functional group is characterized by the structure –COOH?
What distinguishes alcohols from phenols?
What distinguishes alcohols from phenols?
Which of the following is a feature of eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following is a feature of eukaryotic cells?
Which fruit group is most abundant in phenolic phytochemicals?
Which fruit group is most abundant in phenolic phytochemicals?
What is the primary function of enzymes in the cytoplasm?
What is the primary function of enzymes in the cytoplasm?
What type of isomers are characterized by having different spatial arrangements of atoms?
What type of isomers are characterized by having different spatial arrangements of atoms?
Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses?
Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses?
What structure is involved in genetic information storage in eukaryotic cells?
What structure is involved in genetic information storage in eukaryotic cells?
Which group is known for conferring characteristics related to redox reactions in biological systems?
Which group is known for conferring characteristics related to redox reactions in biological systems?
What type of reaction requires energy input and is thermodynamically unfavorable?
What type of reaction requires energy input and is thermodynamically unfavorable?
Which of the following best describes cis-trans isomers?
Which of the following best describes cis-trans isomers?
Which metabolite is one of the most abundant in humans and plays a critical role in energy metabolism?
Which metabolite is one of the most abundant in humans and plays a critical role in energy metabolism?
Which functional group is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins?
Which functional group is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins?
What type of metabolite generally has a high energy barrier, making it kinetically stable?
What type of metabolite generally has a high energy barrier, making it kinetically stable?
Which type of stereoisomers are chiral and have non-superimposable mirror images?
Which type of stereoisomers are chiral and have non-superimposable mirror images?
Which of the following statements about chemical reactions is true?
Which of the following statements about chemical reactions is true?
What is the result of a reaction that has a positive Gibbs free energy change ($ riangle G > 0$)?
What is the result of a reaction that has a positive Gibbs free energy change ($ riangle G > 0$)?
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Study Notes
Course Overview
- Analyze and evaluate biochemistry concepts, interpret quantitative information.
- Attendance, note-taking, and engagement are crucial for achieving high grades.
Learning Objectives
- Identify features distinguishing living organisms.
- Explain the functions of small and large biomolecules.
- Describe cellular structure and functions.
- Understand biological reactions and the role of free energy (G).
- Discuss the biochemical basis for life and evolution.
Biochemistry Definition
- Biochemistry studies the chemistry of living systems characterized by:
- High complexity and organization.
- Energy extraction and transformation for maintaining cellular structures.
- Dynamic interactions among cellular components.
- Capability to sense and respond to environmental changes.
- Precise self-replication with adaptations for evolution.
Cellular Structure
- All cells possess common features:
- Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus or nucleoid, organelles (in eukaryotes).
- Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes contain them.
Functional Groups in Biomolecules
- Key functional groups include:
- Methyl, ethyl, phenyl, amino, amido, ether, carbonyl (aldehyde, ketone), ester, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, phosphoryl, hydroxyl (alcohol), phosphoanhydride, phenol.
- Understanding the molecular structure and biochemical role of these groups is essential.
Biological Hierarchy
- Sub-cellular hierarchy includes:
- Amino Acids → Proteins → Ribosomes → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Human body.
Stereoisomers
- Compounds can differ in spatial arrangement, affecting physical and chemical properties.
- Two main types:
- Cis-trans isomers from double bonds.
- Enantiomers and diastereomers based on chiral centers.
Reaction Energetics
- Energetics differentiate between reactions:
- Endergonic reactions require energy (ΔG° > 0).
- Exergonic reactions release energy and are favorable.
- Energy barriers can influence metabolic reactions.
Central Dogma of Biochemistry
- The flow of genetic information:
- DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated into protein.
Evolution and Natural Selection
- Random mutations in DNA/RNA lead to variability.
- Favorable mutations are likely retained in populations, enhancing survival.
Key Concepts to Know
- Structural and functional differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Similarities and differences across bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, and viruses.
- Functional group characteristics in biological molecules.
- Differences between favorable and unfavorable reactions based on ΔG values.
- Understanding of replication, transcription, and translation within the Central Dogma.
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