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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
- Decreasing the rate of reactions.
- Lowering the activation energy of reactions. (correct)
- Increasing the activation energy of reactions.
- Acting as reactants in chemical reactions.
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
- To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell. (correct)
- To generate energy for the cell.
- To provide structural support to the cell.
- To synthesize proteins.
Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy in the form of ATP?
Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy in the form of ATP?
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
- Diffusion
- Active transport (correct)
What is the name given to proteins with covalently attached carbohydrate chains?
What is the name given to proteins with covalently attached carbohydrate chains?
A carbohydrate is composed of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, what is the name given to this?
A carbohydrate is composed of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, what is the name given to this?
What is the description of a protein unfolding and losing its native conformation?
What is the description of a protein unfolding and losing its native conformation?
A large vesicle found in a plant cell is responsible for regulation of water and maintaining turgor pressure, what is this called?
A large vesicle found in a plant cell is responsible for regulation of water and maintaining turgor pressure, what is this called?
Which process describes the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?
Which process describes the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?
Which of the following macromolecules are composed exclusively of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms?
Which of the following macromolecules are composed exclusively of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms?
What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a eukaryotic cell?
What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a eukaryotic cell?
Which statement accurately describes the key difference between diffusion and osmosis?
Which statement accurately describes the key difference between diffusion and osmosis?
What is the most direct consequence of protein denaturation on its function?
What is the most direct consequence of protein denaturation on its function?
How do enzymes accelerate metabolic reactions within a cell?
How do enzymes accelerate metabolic reactions within a cell?
In secondary active transport, what directly provides the energy for transporting a molecule against its concentration gradient?
In secondary active transport, what directly provides the energy for transporting a molecule against its concentration gradient?
How does the enzyme-substrate complex facilitate enzymatic reactions?
How does the enzyme-substrate complex facilitate enzymatic reactions?
Which factor primarily contributes to the fluidity of the cell membrane?
Which factor primarily contributes to the fluidity of the cell membrane?
How do endocytosis and exocytosis work together to maintain cellular homeostasis?
How do endocytosis and exocytosis work together to maintain cellular homeostasis?
What distinguishes non-competitive inhibition from competitive inhibition?
What distinguishes non-competitive inhibition from competitive inhibition?
How does an increase in temperature affect the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer in a cell membrane?
How does an increase in temperature affect the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer in a cell membrane?
Which statement accurately defines a hydrolysis reaction?
Which statement accurately defines a hydrolysis reaction?
Which characteristic of fatty acid chains in phospholipids would result in decreased membrane fluidity?
Which characteristic of fatty acid chains in phospholipids would result in decreased membrane fluidity?
During the synthesis of a glycoprotein, where does the initial glycosylation (addition of sugar molecules) of the protein typically occur?
During the synthesis of a glycoprotein, where does the initial glycosylation (addition of sugar molecules) of the protein typically occur?
How do channel proteins facilitate the transport of molecules across the cell membrane?
How do channel proteins facilitate the transport of molecules across the cell membrane?
How does secondary active transport utilize existing ion gradients to transport other molecules across the cell membrane?
How does secondary active transport utilize existing ion gradients to transport other molecules across the cell membrane?
What is the primary difference in the mechanism of transport between channel proteins and carrier proteins?
What is the primary difference in the mechanism of transport between channel proteins and carrier proteins?
In enzyme catalysis, what is meant by the term 'induced fit'?
In enzyme catalysis, what is meant by the term 'induced fit'?
How does non-competitive inhibition affect the activity of an enzyme?
How does non-competitive inhibition affect the activity of an enzyme?
During endocytosis, how do cells internalize substances from their external environment?
During endocytosis, how do cells internalize substances from their external environment?
Which of the following processes is essential for the secretion of neurotransmitters from nerve cells?
Which of the following processes is essential for the secretion of neurotransmitters from nerve cells?
Which factor has the LEAST impact on the fluidity of a phospholipid bilayer?
Which factor has the LEAST impact on the fluidity of a phospholipid bilayer?
What is the key distinction between channel proteins and carrier proteins in transporting substances across the cell membrane?
What is the key distinction between channel proteins and carrier proteins in transporting substances across the cell membrane?
How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity at high temperatures?
How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity at high temperatures?
Which of the following best describes the process of exocytosis?
Which of the following best describes the process of exocytosis?
What type of molecules are transported via secondary active transport?
What type of molecules are transported via secondary active transport?
Where does the inhibitor molecule bind during non-competitive inhibition?
Where does the inhibitor molecule bind during non-competitive inhibition?
Which of the following is an example of exocytosis?
Which of the following is an example of exocytosis?
What happens during receptor mediated endocytosis?
What happens during receptor mediated endocytosis?
Which of the following does not require energy input when moving molecules across the cell membrane?
Which of the following does not require energy input when moving molecules across the cell membrane?
Flashcards
Glycoproteins
Glycoproteins
Proteins that have carbohydrate chains covalently bonded to them.
Glycolipids
Glycolipids
Lipids that have carbohydrate chains covalently bonded to them.
Disaccharide
Disaccharide
A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.
Isomers
Isomers
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Cellulose
Cellulose
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Triglyceride
Triglyceride
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Quaternary Structure
Quaternary Structure
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Denaturation
Denaturation
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Vacuole
Vacuole
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Integral Protein
Integral Protein
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Osmosis
Osmosis
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Diffusion
Diffusion
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Catalyst
Catalyst
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Endocytosis
Endocytosis
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Secondary Active Transport
Secondary Active Transport
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Primary Active Transport
Primary Active Transport
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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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Non-competitive Inhibition
Non-competitive Inhibition
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Membrane Fluidity
Membrane Fluidity
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Temperature's Effect on Fluidity
Temperature's Effect on Fluidity
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Lipid Composition & Fluidity
Lipid Composition & Fluidity
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Cholesterol's Role in Membrane Fluidity
Cholesterol's Role in Membrane Fluidity
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Channel Proteins
Channel Proteins
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Carrier Proteins
Carrier Proteins
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Pinocytosis
Pinocytosis
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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Study Notes
- Biochemistry studies chemical processes and compounds in living organisms.
- Macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) are crucial for cell structure and function.
- The cell membrane is selectively permeable, controlling substance movement.
- The endomembrane system synthesizes, modifies, and transports proteins/lipids.
- Enzymes lower activation energy, speeding up reactions as biological catalysts.
- Cellular transport (diffusion, osmosis, active transport) maintains cell homeostasis.
- Passive transport uses osmosis and diffusion, while active transport needs ATP.
Vocabulary
- Glycoproteins: Proteins with covalently attached carbohydrate chains.
- Glycolipids: Lipids with covalently attached carbohydrate chains.
- Disaccharide: Carbohydrate with two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.
- Isomers: Molecules sharing a chemical formula but differing structurally.
- Cellulose: Polysaccharide for plant cell wall support.
- Triglyceride: Lipid with three fatty acids attached to glycerol.
- Quaternary Structure: Arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits.
- Denaturation: Protein unfolding and loss of function.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Organelle for protein synthesis and modification.
- Vacuole: Large plant cell vesicle, storing water and maintaining turgor.
- Integral Protein: Protein embedded in the cell membrane's phospholipid bilayer.
- Osmosis: Water movement across a membrane from low to high solute concentration.
- Diffusion: Molecule movement from high to low concentration.
- Catalyst: Substance accelerating reactions without being consumed.
- Endocytosis: Cells engulfing substances into vesicles.
- Exocytosis: Cells releasing substances from vesicles.
Macromolecule Families
- Nucleic Acid
- Carbohydrate
- Lipid
- Protein
Macromolecule Functions and Subunits
| Macromolecule | Function | Sub-Unit | Polymer Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrates | Energy | Monosacharides | Cellulose |
| Proteins | Enzymes and antibodies | Amino Acids | Hemoglobin |
| Lipids | Energy storage and Hormones | Fatty Acids | Phospholipids |
| Nucleic Acids | Genetic Material | Nucleotides | DNA |
Cell Membrane Parts and Roles
- Phospholipid Head and Tail: Hydrophilic head faces water, hydrophobic tail prevents charged particle movement.
- Glycolipid: Holds sugar chains for cell identification.
- Glycoprotein: Cell identification, receptors, hormones.
- Sugar Chain: Identifies the cell.
- Cholesterol: Maintains cell membrane flexibility.
- Peripheral Protein: Recognition, catalyst, reception.
- Channel Protein: Transports substances via diffusion.
- Phospholipid Bilayer: Forms membrane and keeps cell intact.
Cell in Solutions
- Hypertonic Solution: Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.
- Hypotonic Solution: Water moves into the cell, causing it to swell and potentially burst.
- Isotonic Solution: No net water movement; cell volume remains constant.
Practice Question Answers
- Carbohydrates and Lipids contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum modifies proteins.
- Diffusion moves molecules from high to low concentration; osmosis is water movement across a membrane from low to high solute concentration.
- Denaturation is protein unfolding/loss of function due to heat, chemicals, or pH changes, disrupting structure.
- Enzymes lower activation energy, facilitating reactant conversion to products.
- Membrane fluidity is influenced by temperature, cholesterol, fatty acid saturation/length, and proteins.
- Endocytosis engulfs substances into vesicles; exocytosis releases substances from vesicles.
- Hydrolysis breaks down molecules by adding water, such as sucrose into glucose and fructose.
Short Answer Key Points
- Glycoprotein Synthesis, Modification, Secretion: Protein synthesized in ER, modified in Golgi, secreted via exocytosis.
- Secondary Active Transport: Uses electrochemical gradient energy to transport molecules against concentration gradient.
- Enzyme-Substrate Complex: Substrate binds to enzyme's active site, changing its shape for optimal interaction.
- Non-competitive Inhibition: Inhibitor binds to allosteric site, altering active site and reducing enzyme activity.
- Factors Affecting Phospholipid Bilayer Fluidity: Temperature and lipid composition (fatty acid chain length/saturation).
- Channel Proteins vs Carrier Proteins
- Channel Proteins: Channels allow passage of specific ions/molecules
- Carrier Proteins: Undergo conformational changes, often coupled with energy input.
- Endocytosis and Exocytosis:
- Endocytosis: Cell takes in substances by engulfing them.
- Exocytosis: Cell releases substances via vesicle fusion with the membrane.
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Description
Explore biochemistry's core principles, including macromolecules and cell structures. Understand enzymes, cellular transport, and key vocabulary like glycoproteins and isomers. Learn how passive and active transport maintain cell homeostasis.
