Biochemistry Overview and Branches
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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately describes essential amino acids?

  • They are produced only during childhood.
  • They can be synthesized by the body in sufficient quantities.
  • They are not involved in protein synthesis.
  • They must be obtained from dietary sources. (correct)

Which category do amino acids belong to if they are produced in the body but require additional intake during growth periods?

  • Standard amino acids
  • Non-essential amino acids
  • Semiessential amino acids (correct)
  • Essential amino acids

Which amino acid is NOT considered a nonpolar amino acid?

  • Methionine
  • Serine (correct)
  • Glycine
  • Alanine

What characteristic defines nonessential amino acids?

<p>They can be produced by the body as needed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about branched-chain amino acids is correct?

<p>They are essential amino acids necessary for muscle metabolism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is classified as semiessential?

<p>Histidine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is a precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO)?

<p>Arginine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the classification of amino acids, which group does leucine belong to?

<p>Essential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is considered glucogenic?

<p>Tyrosine (A), Aspartic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is known to be present in glutathione?

<p>Cysteine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids contains a polar, uncharged side chain?

<p>Serine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid serves as a methyl group donor during the transformation of noradrenaline to adrenaline?

<p>Methionine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of asparagine in the body?

<p>Transport form of ammonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid can be derived from phenylalanine and is involved in melanogenesis?

<p>Tyrosine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is known to play a role in the urea cycle?

<p>Arginine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an essential amino acid?

<p>Leucine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification includes amino acids that can be synthesized by the body?

<p>Non-essential amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these amino acids is considered semiessential?

<p>Histidine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs represents polar and nonpolar amino acids?

<p>Arginine and Valine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of amino acids?

<p>Includes a carboxyl group and an amino group bonded to the same carbon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of essential amino acids?

<p>To support muscle repair and growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many standard amino acids are considered genetically codified?

<p>20 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is false regarding amino acids?

<p>All amino acids are essential for life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nonpolar amino acids

Amino acids with nonpolar (hydrophobic) side chains that tend to avoid water.

Essential amino acids

Amino acids the body cannot produce, so they must be obtained through diet.

Non-essential amino acids

Amino acids that the body can produce in sufficient quantities.

Glycine

Smallest standard amino acid, found in collagen, involved in bile acid & purine synthesis.

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Methionine

Amino acid, important sulfur source, and methyl group donor (SAM).

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Essential Amino Acid

Amino acids that the body cannot produce and must be obtained from food.

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Tryptophan

Precursor to serotonin, vitamin PP, and melatonin; an essential amino acid.

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Methionine

An essential amino acid involved in methyl group transfer, critical for reactions like converting noradrenaline to adrenaline.

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Glucogenic Amino Acid

Amino acids that can be broken down to produce glucose (sugar) in the body.

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Ketogenic Amino Acid

Amino acids converted into ketone bodies, not glucose.

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Serine

A polar amino acid involved in enzyme active sites and linking proteins and carbohydrates.

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Tyrosine

An amino acid formed from phenylalanine by hydroxylation and a precursor to melanin.

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Aspartic Acid

An excitatory neurotransmitter involved in urea cycle and nucleobase synthesis.

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Glutamic Acid

An excitatory neurotransmitter crucial for transaminations.

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Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

Complex molecule including a pteridine ring, PABA, and glutamic acid.

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Amino Acids

Organic compounds with a carboxyl (-COOH) and amino (-NH2) group bonded to the same carbon (Cα).

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Standard Amino Acids

20 amino acids genetically coded and found in human proteins.

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Genetic Code

Specific sets of three-letter sequences (codons) that correspond to an amino acid.

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Protein Components

Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids.

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Metabolic Pathways

Series of chemical reactions to break down and build molecules.

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Biomolecules

Large molecules essential for life, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

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Clinical Diagnosis

Using biochemistry to understand and diagnose health conditions.

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Cell Structure

Cells structures like membranes, lysosomes, and mitochondria, and their roles (e.g., Double phospholipid layer).

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Study Notes

Biochemistry Overview

  • Biochemistry is the study of molecules and processes within living organisms.
  • It encompasses various body processes and physiology of biomolecules.
  • Biochemistry is crucial in clinical diagnosis, diet and nutrition, forensic medicine, and the manufacture and treatment of biological products.

Branches of Biochemistry

  • Biology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry intertwine, each influencing different aspects of human health.
  • Endocrinology, physiology, cell biology, genetics, pharmacology, internal medicine, intensive care, obstetrics, hematology, pediatrics, and neurology are key medical areas impacting biochemistry.

Biochemistry Chapters

  • General Biochemistry:
    • Cell structure and function
    • Amino acids, peptides, proteins
    • Nucleic acids
    • Enzymes and coenzymes
    • Vitamins
    • Central metabolic pathways
    • Carbohydrate metabolism
    • Lipid metabolism
    • Heme metabolism
    • Amino acid metabolism
    • Nucleotide metabolism
  • Special Biochemistry:
    • Genetic biochemistry
    • Biochemistry of endocrine glands
    • Neurotransmitters
    • Biochemistry of the bone system
    • Biochemistry of muscular contraction
    • Hemostasis and fibrinolysis

Biomolecules

  • Proteins are composed of amino acids.
  • Nucleic acids are formed from nucleobases, glucids, and phosphate groups.
  • Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides which are polymers of glucose.
  • Lipids like triglycerides and phospholipids, contain fatty acid side chains, cholesterol, etc.

Importance of Biochemistry

  • Biomolecules are fundamental to life
  • Biochemistry is applied in numerous aspects, including medical diagnostics, nutritional studies and forensic science.
  • Understanding these biomolecules is key to the creation of new biological products and treatments.

Amino Acids

  • There are 20 standard amino acids.
  • Amino acids contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group bonded to the same carbon.
  • 20 ( plus two others) are genetically codified to form proteins.
  • Amino acids are classified into essential, semi-essential and non-essential.
  • Essential amino acids cannot be produced by the body, meaning they need to be obtained from food.
  • Some are semi-essential - crucial for the body, but potentially producible in the early life stages.
  • Some are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them.

Amino acid types

  • Polar and non-polar are two types of amino acids with different charges.
  • Other classification categories include ketogenic, glucogenic and mixed chains.
  • Standard amino acids, are essential for protein synthesis, but also have other roles within the body.

Non-standard amino acids

  • Non-standard amino acids are not frequently found in the structure of proteins in the body.
  • Examples of such are hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, and others.

Other Details

  • Basic groups, such as amino, methyl, hydroxyl, keto, and carboxyl groups, are important to understand in Biochemistry.
  • Specific structures and properties of some amino acids have important implications across various biological functions.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of biochemistry and its critical role in various medical fields. This quiz covers essential topics including biomolecules, metabolic pathways, and the interconnections between biochemistry and health. Test your knowledge on the integral aspects of biochemistry in living organisms.

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