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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a reaction of monosaccharides?
Which of the following is NOT a reaction of monosaccharides?
- Glycoside formation
- Reduction to a sugar alcohol
- Oxidation to an acidic sugar
- Fermentation to an ethanol (correct)
Disaccharides consist of only one type of monosaccharide.
Disaccharides consist of only one type of monosaccharide.
False (B)
What are the two main types of polysaccharides based on their monomer composition?
What are the two main types of polysaccharides based on their monomer composition?
Homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides
_____ is formed from the linkage of glucose and fructose.
_____ is formed from the linkage of glucose and fructose.
Match the following carbohydrates with their descriptions:
Match the following carbohydrates with their descriptions:
Which of the following disaccharides is composed of two glucose units?
Which of the following disaccharides is composed of two glucose units?
Glycolipids and glycoproteins have oligosaccharides attached to lipids and proteins, respectively.
Glycolipids and glycoproteins have oligosaccharides attached to lipids and proteins, respectively.
What is the typical range of monosaccharide units found in oligosaccharides?
What is the typical range of monosaccharide units found in oligosaccharides?
The primary structure of starch includes _____ glucose units.
The primary structure of starch includes _____ glucose units.
Which of the following is an important naturally occurring oligosaccharide?
Which of the following is an important naturally occurring oligosaccharide?
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Study Notes
Haworth Projections
- Used to represent cyclic monosaccharides in two dimensions.
- Aids in visualizing the three-dimensional structures of sugars.
Reactions of Monosaccharides
- Five key reactions:
- Oxidation: Converts monosaccharides to acidic sugars.
- Reduction: Transforms monosaccharides into sugar alcohols.
- Glycoside Formation: Links sugars to form glycosidic bonds.
- Phosphate Ester Formation: Involves the addition of phosphate groups.
- Amino Sugar Formation: Incorporates amino groups into sugar structures.
Disaccharides
- Formed by linking two monosaccharides through glycosidic bonds.
- Key disaccharides include:
- Maltose: Composed of two glucose units.
- Cellobiose: Also derived from glucose.
- Lactose: Contains glucose and galactose.
- Sucrose: Comprised of glucose and fructose.
Oligosaccharides
- Contain three to ten monosaccharide units.
- Examples of naturally occurring oligosaccharides:
- Raffinose: Found in beans and whole grains.
- Stachyose: Present in various vegetables and legumes.
Polysaccharides
- Large polymers formed by numerous monosaccharide monomers.
- Types of polysaccharides:
- Homopolysaccharides: Composed of one type of monosaccharide.
- Heteropolysaccharides: Contain multiple types of monosaccharide units.
- Storage Polysaccharides:
- Starch: Stores energy in plants.
- Glycogen: Serves as energy storage in animals.
- Structural Polysaccharides:
- Cellulose: Main component of plant cell walls.
- Chitin: Found in exoskeletons of arthropods.
Glycolipids and Glycoproteins
- Composed of oligosaccharides linked to lipids and proteins via glycosidic bonds.
- Play crucial roles in cell recognition and interaction among different cell types.
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